Moral incongruence—a misalignment between professional role expectations and personal moral values—is an important phenomenon in modern organizations. Though scholarly work has provided us with insights into broad forms of role incongruence, much less is known about the distinct characteristics of moral incongruence. Moreover, we lack understanding of how moral incongruence may shape employee attitudes and behaviors. Drawing on deonance theory and socio-cognitive theory, we develop a model explaining the role of moral incongruence in promoting employee prohibitive voice, withdrawal, and unethical role behavior through the mechanisms of moral outrage and moral disengagement. Examining potential boundary conditions, we also consider the roles of moral identity, self-interest, moral intensity, unethical climate, ethical leadership, and organizational identification. Given the ethical implications of moral incongruence and the significance of the phenomenon for organizations, this work has implications for both theory and practice.

In 2016, a special edition of Human Resource Management Review established a theoretical and empirical development framework to address the fundamental issue of convergence/divergence. An intriguing question raised by the review was whether one could cross the comparative human resource management (CHRM) stream with its international human resource management (IHRM) counterpart to theoretically and empirically benefit both. This paper addresses a similar topic, albeit looking outwards to the archetypal context-driven comparative public policy (CPP) discipline rather than inwards to two adjacent international and comparative streams. Centering on the standardization-convergence divide in IHRM and the practice-divergence conundrum in CHRM, the paper demonstrates how CPP's rich conceptual and methodological heritage can help overcome tensions in both streams while informing several meta-analytic review and future research suggestions.

Nonprofit hybridization represents the adaptive response to a turbulent external and internal environment leading to tensions between contradictory goals (e.g. social and business goals). Although research has provided insights into the strategies for addressing the tensions stemming from hybridization, it has paid less attention to how strategic human resource management (SHRM) may play a role in managing these social-business tensions. Given the increasing complexity nonprofit organizations (NPOs) face, this hybrid context presents a valuable opportunity to examine the concept of SHRM “fit” in terms of different stakeholder demands, diverse and competing goals and resulting tensions. This article aims to conceptualize and contextualize SHRM fit in hybridized NPOs to gain a better understanding of how organizations can orientate their systems and practices to manage competing demands stemming from hybridization. Hereby, we use SHRM fit to illustrate the opportunities for and limitations on practice within a hybrid context. Bringing the nonprofit and hybrid literature together, we develop a typology of nonprofit hybridization that distinguishes NPOs according to their financial and social orientation and specify the tensions and management approaches that dominate these types. Drawing on the concept of SHRM fit, we advance a framework and propositions on how the management approaches in each of the types result in different configurations of vertical and horizontal fit that address social-business tensions. Hereby we extend current debates in the hybridization literature on tensions between opposing goals and research on SHRM approaches in NPOs and contribute to a theoretically-informed understanding of the implications of tension management approaches in variants of hybrid organizations.

Debate on whether performance-related pay enhances organizational performance has centred on individual-based systems. This paper reviews studies that compare these with collective-based systems such as team bonuses and profit-sharing. Analysis of such comparisons – both field and experimental studies – reveals that collective systems, either alone or in conjunction with individual systems, are associated with higher performance. In no study do individual incentives outperform collective systems. Tests for moderators were rare but suggest that task interdependency may enhance collective systems' effects. Tests of mediators are also rare but point to enhanced levels of cooperation and idea generation under collective systems. This review examines how the included studies contribute to our understanding of key issues in payment-systems research – the roles of sorting effects and free riding under collective systems, and whether financial incentives may undermine intrinsic motivation – and finds it is limited, suggesting future work should concentrate on these areas.

An increasing number of individuals in leadership roles have a serious leisure interest. We develop a theoretical model of how pursuing serious leisure impacts leaders' performance at work. We propose that a serious leisure interest, through its defining characteristics (effort in mastering a skill, perseverance through adversity, a special ethos, a strong identity, a leisure career), can both promote and harm leaders' performance at work and we examine the conditions under which this can happen. Our theory contributes to research on non-work antecedents of leader performance, to the leader identity construction literature, to theories on the work-nonwork interface and to the serious leisure literature.

Strategic human capital scholarship, alongside a wealth of evidence from the popular press, suggests that star employees can influence an organization's socially constructed identity. However, an overarching conceptual framework that explains these shifts has yet to emerge. In this paper, we draw upon Hatch and Schultz's (2002) theory of identity change to discuss how organizational identity-change related motives – defined as decision makers' interest in spurring changes to socially constructed, internal perceptions of their organization's central and distinctive features – act in concert with considerations of value creation and capture to influence the hiring of different identity-aspirant stars (i.e., stars that embody a desired future organizational identity). Given that stars represent catalysts for identity change that have agency and become part of the social fabric of an organization, we then explain how the mechanisms by which stars' attempts to gain or retain status – coupled with organization members' willingness to emulate their behaviors – can affect internal-oriented organizational identity change. This paper advances consideration of social-psychological factors alongside economic views of stars and offers implications for the literatures on strategic human capital and organizational identity. • Star employees have the potential to shift organizational identities • Key decision makers can hire stars to realize internal- and external-oriented identity shifts in a top-down manner • Stars’ concerns over status and influence over coworkers impact bottom-up, internal-oriented organizational identity shifts • Contextual factors impact the degree to which identity changes manifest • Identity- and economic-based reasoning are more intwined than previously conceptualized

Management scholars and practitioners have highlighted the importance of ethical dimensions in the selection of strategies. However, to date, there has been little effort aimed at theoretically understanding the ethical positions of individuals/organizations concerning human resource management (HRM) decision-making processes, the selection of specific ethical positions and strategies, or the post-decision accounting for those decisions. To this end, we present a Throughput model framework that describes individuals' decision-making processes in an algorithmic HRM context. The model depicts how perceptions, judgments, and the use of information affect strategy selection, identifying how diverse strategies may be supported by the employment of certain ethical decision-making algorithmic pathways. In focusing on concerns relating to the impact and acceptance of artificial intelligence (AI) integration in HRM, this research draws insights from multidisciplinary theoretical lenses, such as AI-augmented (HRM (AI) ) and HRM (AI) assimilation processes, AI-mediated social exchange, and the judgment and choice literature. We highlight the use of algorithmic ethical positions in the adoption of AI for better HRM outcomes in terms of intelligibility and accountability of AI-generated HRM decision-making, which is often underexplored in existing research, and we propose their key role in HRM strategy selection. • We present a Throughput model framework that describes individuals’ decision-making processes in an algorithmic HRM context. • We highlight the use of algorithmic ethical positions in the adoption of AI for better HRM outcomes in terms of intelligibility and accountability of AI-generated HRM decision-making. • We propose the key role of algorithmic ethical positions in HRM strategy selection.

We present a systematic review of 67 empirical studies that examine the factors determining subjective well-being among blue-collar immigrant employees. Drawing on conservation of resources theory, we propose an integrated conceptual framework that organizes antecedents of blue-collar immigrants' subjective well-being based on resource loss and gain dynamics. Our findings indicate that resource loss was most likely when immigrants experienced precarious employment, physically and emotionally demanding jobs, injustice at work, poor living conditions, and migration-related stressors. Conversely, resource gain was most likely when they were supported by supervisors and colleagues at work, felt emotionally supported by friends, family, and community members, and adopted personal coping strategies to manage their stressors. We conclude by signaling opportunities for future research and recommendations for practitioners seeking to augment blue-collar immigrant employees' subjective well-being. • We identify the antecedents of subjective well-being among blue-collar immigrant employees. • We propose a conceptual framework that organizes the antecedents of subjective well-being based on resource loss and gain. • Precarious employment, demanding job characteristics, poor living conditions, injustice at work, migration-related stressors limit subjective well-being. • Social support at work, emotional support from family, friends, and community members, and coping strategies improve subjective well-being.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly adopted within Human Resource management (HRM) due to its potential to create value for consumers, employees, and organisations. However, recent studies have found that organisations are yet to experience the anticipated benefits from AI adoption, despite investing time, effort, and resources. The existing studies in HRM have examined the applications of AI, anticipated benefits, and its impact on human workforce and organisations. The aim of this paper is to systematically review the multi-disciplinary literature stemming from International Business, Information Management, Operations Management, General Management and HRM to provide a comprehensive and objective understanding of the organisational resources required to develop AI capability in HRM. Our findings show that organisations need to look beyond technical resources, and put their emphasis on developing non-technical ones such as human skills and competencies, leadership, team co-ordination, organisational culture and innovation mindset, governance strategy, and AI-employee integration strategies, to benefit from AI adoption. Based on these findings, we contribute five research propositions to advance AI scholarship in HRM. Theoretically, we identify the organisational resources necessary to achieve business benefits by proposing the AI capability framework, integrating resource-based view and knowledge-based view theories. From a practitioner’s standpoint, our framework offers a systematic way for the managers to objectively self-assess organisational readiness and develop strategies to adopt and implement AI-enabled practices and processes in HRM. • A systematic and bibliometric review of multidisciplinary management literature is reported to advance AI scholarship in HRM • The key themes identified are: HRM applications; Collective Intelligence; Employment; Drivers and barriers to AI adoption • We propose AI capability framework to develop resources, skillsets and strategies that will facilitateAI adoption in HRM • The research priorities are: AI transparency, AI-employee collaboration, AI skills, governance and SME-centric studies.

This systematic literature review explores studies addressing the objective career success and subjective career success of company-assigned and self-initiated expatriates after their long-term international assignments. Expatriate work is defined as high-density work that affects employee learning and career trajectories. We develop a holistic expatriate career success framework exploring the following questions: 1) What individual career impact results from international assignments? 2) What are the antecedents of such career success? and 3) What are the outcomes of assignees’ career success? A previously neglected range of theoretical perspectives, antecedents, and outcomes of expatriate career success is identified. Subsequently, a threefold contribution is made. First, we extend the conceptualization of international work density to unveil the differences between general and global career concepts. Second, we identify promising theories that have not been utilized in expatriation research, emphasizing context-related and learning theories that chime with the specific nature of global careers. Lastly, we suggest an extensive future research agenda. • Despite the "dark side" of international careers, overall, studies reported positive impacts of IA on expatriates' careers. • High-density work increases expatriates’ career capital, and such development is linked with the perception of career success. • Underutilized theories are identified to offer new future research possibilities when assessing expatriates’ career success. • Institutional and learning theories are critical theories to identify the antecedents of expatriates' career success. • Outcomes that follow career success are identified, e.g., career success after IA may lead expatriates to have global careers workers to re-expatriate: they might become global careerists.

Artificial intelligence (AI) affects human resource management (HRM), and in so doing, it is transforming the nature of work, workers and workplaces. While AI-assisted HRM is increasingly considered a strategy for improving organizational productivity, the academic literature has not yet offered a strategic framework to guide HR managers in adopting and implementing it. However, existing research in this area offers an opportunity to build such a framework. This systematic review of 67 peer-reviewed articles helps to achieve this objective. We critically examine the organizational and employee-centric outcomes of AI-assisted HRM and develop a strategic framework to guide its practice and future research.

The current literature on the use of disruptive innovative technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) for human resource management (HRM) function, lacks a theoretical basis for understanding. Further, the adoption and implementation of AI-augmented HRM, which holds promise for delivering several operational, relational and transformational benefits, is at best patchy and incomplete. Integrating the technology, organisation and people (TOP) framework with core elements of the theory of innovation assimilation and its impact on a range of AI-Augmented HRM outcomes, or what we refer to as (HRM (AI) ), this paper develops a coherent and integrated theoretical framework of HRM (AI) assimilation. Such a framework is timely as several post-adoption challenges, such as the dark side of processual factors in innovation assimilation and system-level factors, which, if unattended, can lead to the opacity of AI applications, thereby affecting the success of any HRM (AI) . Our model proposes several testable future research propositions for advancing scholarship in this area. We conclude with implications for theory and practice. • AI-Augmented HRM (HRM (AI) ) - Antecedents, assimilation and multilevel consequences. • Multilevel conceptual framework of AI-Augmented HRM (HRM (AI ). • HRM (AI) framework based on theories of innovation assimilation and TOP framework. • Research propositions for advancing scholarship in HRM (AI) domain.

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems and applications based on them are fast pervading the various functions of an organization. While AI systems enhance organizational performance, thereby catching the attention of the decision makers, they nonetheless pose threats of job losses for human resources. This in turn pose challenges to human resource managers, tasked with governing the AI adoption processes. However, these challenges afford opportunities to critically examine the various facets of AI systems as they interface with human resources. To that end, we systematically review the literature at the intersection of AI and human resource management (HRM). Using the configurational approach, we identify the evolution of different theme based causal configurations in conceptual and empirical research and the outcomes of AI-HRM interaction. We observe incremental mutations in thematic causal configurations as the literature evolves and also provide thematic configuration based explanations to beneficial and reactionary outcomes in the AI-HRM interaction process. • Collective adoption of non-robotic AI applications leads to beneficial outcomes. • Individually driven adoption of robotic AI applications leads to reactionary outcomes. • Individual non-robotic AI initiatives, adopted collectively have beneficial outcomes. • Collective and phased adoption staring with non-robotic AI gives beneficial outcomes. • Early conceptual and later empirical research show higher configurational similarity.

Workplace commitment is viewed as an important mechanism connecting HRM practices with organizational outcomes, including performance. For this reason, commitment has emerged as one of the most significant and voluminous areas in HRM studies. Yet some of the key advances in the wider field of commitment have not been incorporate in studies of commitment in the HRM field. This is problematic as the body of work on commitment may develop separately from HRM research, wherein which the construct is so central. We seek to rectify this disconnected development through a systematic literature review which is targeted on three key threads, i.e., (1) definition and conceptual meaning, (2) multiple targets of commitment, and (3) the dynamics of commitment. These three threads are then connected to measurement and methodology , together providing the basis for a ‘toolkit’ for future research on commitment in HRM studies. Our review advances the field of commitment research in HRM by providing much needed conceptual, theoretical and methodological clarification, and by providing ways of bridging the gap and stimulating further research in this area. • We identify a problematic lacuna between recent advances in commitment research and HRM studies adopting this concept. • This study provides a systematic literature review of the past decade of commitment research in HRM studies, identifying: • Three key threads (1) definition and conceptual meaning, (2) multiple targets of commitment, and (3) the dynamics of commitment. • These are discussed in relation to measurement and methodology , showing inconsistencies and directions for future research. • Our toolkit includes six recommendations on how to conceptualize, measure and analyze commitment in HRM studies.

This integrative literature review reflects on the discourse in training theory and practice that employee training is gender-neutral. In a review of 78 multidisciplinary empirical studies from across the world, 90% of studies show that sex/gender impacts the work environment of training participants, their characteristics, interaction with the training design, and/or training outcome. This suggests that a gender-neutral approach to training may not reflect the reality of sex/gender differences; hence, there is a need for reflectivity on the role of sex/gender in training theory and practice to ensure that employee training is inclusive and equitable. This review introduces a sex/gender-sensitive model of training to guide future research and practice, including the recommendation to move beyond decontextualised, binary sex-category based research towards a situated and intersectional understanding of the multiple aspects of sex and gender in training. • Training theory and practice do not consider the sex/gender of trainees. • A review of 78 multi-disciplinary studies finds a significant impact of sex/gender. • Sex/gender impacts the training system. • A sex/gender-sensitive model of training supports sex/gender equity.

Societal and political changes mean that individuals are working until later in life, leading to interest in whether older workers' effectiveness differs from that of younger workers. An important predictor of work effectiveness is ‘interpersonal emotion regulation’, that is, the management of others' feelings. However, little is known so far about whether there are age-related changes in interpersonal emotion regulation ability. In this article, I apply theoretical evidence about aging to a model of the composite tasks involved in interpersonal emotion regulation, in order to form predictions about age-related differences in the management of others' feelings. I further review the existing empirical evidence base, to highlight areas where predictions are supported and areas where further research is needed. It is hoped that this article will guide future empirical work in this important area, in order to broaden the evidence base on age and emotion regulation. • Organizations will increasingly rely on older adults to remain in the workforce. • Managing others' feelings is critical for effective work performance. • Older workers are at least as good as younger workers at managing others' feelings. • Older workers may be better regulators of others' feelings in most situations. • Exceptions may include situations of high cognitive load and low personal salience.

Engagement with work has been one of the most influential management ideas of recent decades. A prevalent assumption is that engagement is inherently beneficial and disengagement is a problem to be addressed. Yet theory and research on disengagement show it may not have the assumed negative impact on organizations, and at times may be beneficial for employees. This research seeks to unpack the underlying assumptions of work disengagement through collating and reviewing studies of the phenomenon. The paper makes three contributions. First, it provides a clear argument for why disengagement is a concept worth studying in its own right, as a functional coping response. Second, it offers a typology of the antecedents that applies to current theoretical frameworks. Third, it suggests differentiating between engaged, not engaged, and disengaged to address various levels of dedication to work domains and provide a basis for more evidence-based HR interventions. • Disengagement a generally functional way of dealing with excessive work demands. • Disengagement antecedents include individual/job/organization/workplace attributes. • Little evidence work disengagement produces negative organizational outcomes. • Employee assistance programs are more beneficial than employee engagement programs. • Helpful to distinguish between engaged, not engaged, and disengaged workers.

Securing high levels of employee engagement has become a dominant concern for HR practitioners globally, and a lucrative survey and consultancy industry has grown up around the topic. Despite significant parallel interest within the scholarly community, it is questionable whether research published in peer-reviewed journals has had any impact on the practice of engagement. The divergent perspectives of academics and practitioners on engagement are explored within the wider context of evidence-based management and the ‘rigor – relevance’ debate, alongside consideration of the risks of presupposing a simplified binary divide between the two communities. Some suggestions for strategies aimed at creating a stronger connection between the interests of practitioners and those of academics are proposed, whilst bearing in mind academia's broader and more critical remit.

Academics, like many other professionals, such as accountants, lawyers, and medical doctors, are primarily responsible for their own ongoing professional development. One of the ways academics are expected to pursue their professional development is by attending conferences structured around their professional associations. However, professional development is a broad construct and we lack a framework for understanding the numerous, specific motivations and goals related to why professionals choose to attend these conferences. To address this issue, we extend King's (2004) career self-management framework in three ways: a) we apply and extend the positioning behaviors of King's model for the situation of academics, b) extend the antecedents of these positioning behaviors from a single to a multi-level framework (including individual, university, and national level antecedents), and c) discuss cross-level effects of these antecedents. Implications and guidance for HR practitioners and future research are also discussed. • The article provides knowledge about why academics attend conferences. • We extend King's (2004) career self-management framework in various ways: a) we apply and extend the positioning behaviors of King's model for the situation of academics, b) extend the antecedents of these positioning behaviors from a single to a multi-level framework (including individual, university, and national level antecedents), and c) discuss some cross-level effects of these antecedents. • Implications and guidance for HR practitioners and future research are discussed in this article.

The topography of global mobility within multinational enterprises (MNEs) is evolving where we now have a portfolio of flexible global working arrangements (FGWAs) including: international business travellers, flexpatriates, short-term international assignees, international commuters, and rotational assignees. The need for more agile structures and more efficient mechanisms to transfer globally dispersed knowledge are two key enablers in this evolution. With increased interest, this paper offers the first systematic, integrative review of 100 articles on FGWAs. The review indicates that these forms of global work appear to be a somewhat overlooked double-edged sword in that they may confer significant but unrealised value for MNEs alongside hidden, adverse consequences for individuals. Notable was the lack of insight into the HR function's input or oversight at either a strategic or operational level. We find that there is a distinct lack of strategic linkages to global mobility and/or HR functions. We propose a research agenda that centres on better understanding the international HR function's role and responsibility in providing a more strategic and sustainable perspective of these increasingly common FGWAs alongside virtual work. The COVID-19 pandemic may offer a critical juncture point in which there is greater strategic consideration on the utilisation and support of such arrangements. • This is the first systematic review on flexible global working arrangements • There is a clear imbalance in representation of the work arrangements in the literature • Value creation and destruction highlight the doubled-edged nature of such work • There is a lack of research into the HR function's input or oversight • Research on strategic IHRM integration and sustainable management is proposed

Despite the extensive amount of research on mergers and acquisitions (M&A), failure rates continue to be high. Increased attention has been attributed to human integration; however, as M&A are multifaceted complex phenomena, this paper presents a literature review on the strategic management school, the organizational behavior school, and the process school in order to provide an integrative perspective on post-merger integration. By exemplifying interrelationships in human resource management (HRM) in each school of thought, as well as in intricacies of human matters, we provide suggestions for research. First, human integration and its consequences for HRM need to be considered in a context-dependent manner. Second, human integration is not a static event, as employees evolve from the integration process, where changes need to be analyzed over time to develop an understanding for implications in HRM. Third, research needs to consider new methods or combinations of methods in order to overcome the de-naturalization of humans in M&A. • M&A research is fragmented. • Rather implicit assumptions about humans in M&A. • M&A failure is often attributed to poor integration of humans.

This paper responds to calls for theory development in relation to processual and meso-level explanations of ‘crossvergence’ in strategic partnerships. It contributes by reviewing the extant literature on convergence-divergence-crossvergence theory in the context of the global information technology (IT) industry and argues for the presence of ‘multivergence’ or ‘multiple configurations of crossvergence’ in an industry sector that relies extensively on strategic business partnerships. We posit and argue that the relevance of multivergence extends beyond the global and offshore IT industry to include strategic partnerships in offshoring in services and manufacturing firms. Overall, this paper identifies the processes and meso-level factors that lead to multivergence in IHRM practices and presents future research directions and ideas on this topic.

There has been recent surge of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) by emerging economies' multinational enterprises (EMNEs), however no conceptual model exists that can be utilized in global context to understand the success of these cross-border activities. In this article, a conceptual model is developed which suggests that distributed leadership increases the chance of the EMNEs' cross-border M&A success through the mediating role of socialization integration mechanisms. In addition, we identify the degree of autonomy given to the acquired firm as a potential moderator of the relationship between distributed leadership and the success of cross-border M&As of EMNEs. Irrespective of the country of origin, this model has the potential to be utilized in creating strategies for developed and emerging economies' MNEs' cross-border M&As' success. • Effective integration is key to success of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As). • Distributed leadership enhances the success of EMNEs' cross-border M&As. • Distributed leadership and success of EMNEs' cross-border M&As is mediated by socialization integration mechanisms. • Degree of autonomy moderate the relationship between distributed leadership and cross-border success of EMNEs M&As.

Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) have been a popular strategy for firms to increase their competitive advantage. Existing research has revealed a wide range of implications for the workforce and human resource management (HRM) stemming from M&As. However, insufficient attention has been paid to issues related to employee resilience. We argue that employee resilience, a concept that is still to gain widespread attention in HRM research, is crucial to organizations wishing to manage their M&As successfully, especially in the post-M&A integration. We develop a set of complementary propositions, present a research framework, and indicate directions for future studies.