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Characterisation of the Electromagnetic Properties of Flower Leaves for 2.45 Ghz ISM Band Biodegradable Electronics Applications
Atanasov N., Atanasov B., Hristov N., Atanasova G.
Abstract
The digital transformation of healthcare, education, industry, and agriculture has generated new opportunities but also led to an increased use of digital devices that will lead to an increase in electronic waste (e-waste) at the end of the life cycle of these devices. In this paper, we report the electromagnetic properties of plant leaves from ten of the most used flowers that can be used to produce environmentally friendly microstrip antennas or fully biodegradable sensors for application in smart agriculture. The analysis of the results for the electromagnetic properties of the leaves of selected plants showed that the real part of the relative permittivity varied widely from 22.962 to 67.43387 for the leaves of garden plants and from 27.82699 to 55.80639 for the potted plants. The variation of the loss tangent of leaves is quite similar in potted (from 0.22718 to 0.35972) and garden (from 0.22812 to 0.33277) flowers.
Modeling Scenarios Combining Cyber Intelligence Procedures, Methods, Technologies and Techniques
Atanasov A., Gagamova V., Hristozov I., Pavlova E.
Abstract
This paper presents the capabilities of specialized simulation software to develop a visual model that represents a cyber intelligence scenario. The architecture development method is applied to create an operational view for the tactics to conduct an intelligence attack by a team in the Computer Security Incident Response Centre in the structures related to crisis management and response. For this purpose, a prognostic scenario for reconnaissance attack tactics was developed using the toolkit of the simulation software, in which the Gather information about the victim’s network techniques are applied.
Aspects of the Impact of the Modern Security Environment on the Organisation of Ammunition Procurement in Operations
Dimitrov M.S., Glushev M.
Abstract
This article presents a novel analysis of the impact of the modern security environment on the organization of ammunition supply in operations. It draws on modern logistics theory to highlight the unique features of some of the leading logistics functions applied in ammunition supply operations. Based on these findings, it formulates innovative proposals and guidelines for improving the logistics subsystem for ammunition supply, offering fresh perspectives on enhancing operational effectiveness.
The Integration of the Western Balkans Into the EU
Hadzhipetrova-Lachova M.
Abstract
This article examines the intricacies of European integration for Western Balkan countries, exploring the unique challenges each state confronts on its path to EU membership. It delves into the political, legal, and diplomatic reforms required, emphasizing the pivotal role these play in aligning with EU standards. Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo are analyzed in terms of their distinct obstacles, such as internal political stability, judiciary reforms, dispute resolution with neighbors, and anti-corruption efforts. For instance, North Macedonia’s settlement of a historical name dispute with Greece underscores the importance of diplomacy in the region. Serbia’s bid for membership is complicated by the necessity to normalize relations with Kosovo amidst internal and external tensions. Montenegro’s recent political transitions illustrate its dedication to democratic principles and Euro-Atlantic alliances as it pursues EU accession. Kosovo’s journey is marked by its unique international recognition issues and the implications of recent EU sanctions following ethnic conflicts. The article argues that while progress has been made, the EU accession journey for these nations will require sustained commitment, comprehensive reforms, and adept negotiation to surmount the hurdles ahead. It is through such concerted efforts that the Western Balkan countries can advance towards achieving their EU membership goals, with the collective process shaping the region’s European perspective and integration.
A Methodological Framework to Assess the Aviation Safety Condition of Military Flight Units
Andonov A., Chalakov R.
Abstract
The article describes the aid Poland is providing to Ukraine fighting Russia. Our country has been providing both humanitarian and military assistance since the beginning of Russia’s conflict with Ukraine, i.e. from 24 February 2022 up till now. Poland is a country that is at the forefront of contributing such help. Special attention should be paid to the involvement of Polish society, especially in the first days of the war, where they received Ukrainian refugees in their own homes sharing food and money with them. Military assistance, which has been continuously sent to the Ukrainian army for two years, plays an important role, and our Armed Forces are involved in the training of Ukrainian soldiers. Without international support, Russia’s flag would have already been hoisted on the tallest buildings in Kiev, and someone appointed by Vladimir Putin would have taken the presidential seat in place of Volodymyr Zelenskyy.
Innovation of Training of Young Military Leaders from Generation Z in Republic of Bulgaria
Chalakova T.
Abstract
Commanding and managing a military formation is never easy, but it can be even more challenging when the commander has less professional experience than his subordinates. In such a situation, very quickly, the commander can lose the trust of his subordinates, due to the little experience and uncertainty he feels at the moment.
Human Resource Management in the Modern Air Transport Business Environment
Mehmed N.A., Todorova G.
Abstract
The report shares some theoretical propositions in relation to human resource management in the aviation industry. Definitions of its essence are given and the individual elements of the system built in this regard are highlighted. An attempt was made to study the state of air transport and the role of human resources in the business conditions of Bulgaria. On the one hand, it was shared the importance of the human resources management system for increasing the quality of the performed activities, and on the other the need to improve it, due to the lack of suitable personnel for the aviation industry. Some factors and challenges of the modern business environment that impact on human resource management are highlighted. Guidelines for its improvement are proposed. They are related to ensure the conditions for carrying out vocational training; search for possible solutions to overcome the weaknesses and strengthen the positive aspects of the human resources management system; compliance with a certain algorithm when evaluating the effectiveness of vocational training of employees; continuous investment in the development of the knowledge and skills of the employed, in accordance with the developed and designed vocational training programs; improving the forms of vocational training; exchange of experience and ideas from world practice on human resource management in the aviation industry.
On Collaboration of Local Actors With Security Force Assistance in Missions and Non-Article 5 Crisis Response Operations
Gojayev E., Mahmudov N., Atanasov A., Dimitrov M., Gagamova V.
Abstract
This paper examines aspects of the coordination and cooperation of local actors in Security Force Assistance (SFA) missions, and in particular in Non-Article 5 Crisis Response Operations (NA5CRO). The process of building relationships with local actors and coordinating efforts with them to achieve mission success is discussed as well. This process is based on the understanding that local actors have critical knowledge of the operational environment and can provide valuable insights that enhance mission effectiveness. The need to understand the operational environment and build effective relationships with local security forces as well as other stakeholders is also addressed. The article explains how coordination and cooperation with local actors are essential to achieving mission success and can improve the effectiveness of the SFA in their participation in crisis response operations. In summary, the paper emphasizes the critical importance of coordination and cooperation with local actors in SFA missions and into Humanitarian Assistance Operations that are part of NA5CRO. This approach can enhance the effectiveness of the mission, increase situational awareness, and reduce the risk of mission failure. It requires a commitment to building effective relationships with local security forces and other stakeholders, joint coordination among all actors involved in the mission, and cultural sensitivity and awareness in the event of a crisis.
International Corporate Governance: Post-Covid-19 Prospects for “The 21st Century Revolution” and “The Global Compromise”
Naydenov N.T.
Abstract
The paper speculates on possible post-COVID developments in two prospects for evolution of international corporate governance. The first, labelled “the 21st century revolution in ownership” would acknowledge the supremacy of a successful national model of corporate governance based on an emerging allegedly new type of ownership, which might be introduced worldwide. The second option, named “the global compromise” implies combining “good practice” elements from different national models into a commonly accepted global model. The economic impact of the recent crisis might accelerate trends that were present already in the pre-COVID-19 period. Rapid digitalization of society would help increase transparency in corporate governance and contribute to higher shareholder participation. The need for resilience would encourage corporate governance reforms leading to convergence to a more stakeholder-oriented model. However, differences among national models are likely to persist, so neither of the two options will be fully realized in the immediate aftermath of the crisis.
The Modernization of the Bulgarian Army - A Factor for its Readiness
Dimitrova S.
Abstract
Bulgaria’s accession to Euro-Atlantic structures put the modernization of the Bulgarian Army and Armed Forces on the agenda. After years of reforms prior to the pre-accession period, they have been reduced as a matter of priority to reductions in structures and personnel and the release of obsolete property, weapons and equipment. Thus, under the pretext that modernization and supply of new equipment, systems and armaments compatible with those of NATO member states is forthcoming, the Bulgarian Army and its armed forces are deprived of key armaments and equipment for protection of national security and satisfactory. declared abilities. Over the years, modernization has been at the center of a number of regulations and documents, plans and programs with long-term and medium-term scope, according to the role, missions, goals and objectives of the Bulgarian Army and Armed Forces, whose implementation remains a good wish. And now, when the challenges of the security environment, whose dynamics and uncertainty are becoming increasingly difficult to predict, our country and its security are facing serious challenges. These circumstances unequivocally provoke our scientific research to study the reasons for the failed modernization of the Bulgarian Army and its armed forces.
Nature of Leadership, Command and Control System of the Defence of the Country
Urumov N.T.
Abstract
Revealing the nature and content of the country’s defence and analysing the core of the terms leadership, command, and control, as well as the purpose and content of the leadership, command, and control system, a definition of the essence of the leadership, command, and control system of country’s defence is proposed.
STANAG 6001 Russian Language Exam: Holistic Approach to Assessing Speaking
Borimechkova D.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the STANAG 6001 Russian language exam focusing on the specifics of Speaking Proficiency evaluation. Despite the fact that the testing procedure is based on the Assessment Criteria set by the STANAG 6001, assessing speaking skills through a guided interview or a sequence of techniques seems to be one of the most challenging and hard tasks for testers. Advantages of holistic approach of assessing speaking skills are discussed and justified.
Restrictions on the Free Movement of Capital Affecting Third Countries
Palazov P.
Abstract
The aim of the author is to analyse the legal restrictions provided by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union on the free movement of capital to or from third countries. Those restrictions are reviewed in terms of the reasons upholding them, the objectives pursued by them and the hypotheses in which they are applicable. Practical examples are given, and relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union is presented.
Conceptual Framework - Basis of Successful Tactical Actions
Gradev K.V.
Abstract
Throughout history, the ability to command and control military forces has been a critical component of success. In military operations today, this requirement is hampered and complicated by a myriad of factors, including evolving technology, diversity of forces, geographical division, and dynamic threats. In now days planning staff and their commander are responsible for the success of any operation or tactical action. Years ago George Marshall esteemed innate qualities [common sense, professional knowledge, physical fitness and stamina, loyalty, determination, optimism, and the ability to work within a group].” is this enough now and what is new that is needed? Planning as part of the operational process still have their place in whole scope of military successful operations and tactical activities.
The Role of Critical Thinking in Enhancing Military Professionals’ Leadership Skills Through Training in Foreign Language and Economics
Todorova G., Tsvetanova V.
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to research the role of critical thinking in enhancing the leadership skills of military specialists during their foreign language and economics training. The authors explain the theory of critical thinking and its application in the acquisition of foreign language (English) and economics knowledge- subjects that are not a main part of the specialities but are inextricably linked with good quality education of the modern military leader.
Directions for the Leadership, Command and Control System of the Country’s Defence Improvement
Urumov N.T.
Abstract
Based on the analysis of the current state of the leadership, command, and control system of the country’s defence, three possible directions for optimizing this system have been formulated. The thesis argues that increasing the efficiency of the leadership, command and control system of the country’s defence is possible through the development of the regulatory framework, organizational improvement, and technological upgrading.
Challenges to the Military Education System When Training Representatives of Generations X, Y and Z
Chalakova T., Chalakov R.
Abstract
The world is changing, and transformations in turn affect all areas of society. Some seek to keep up with innovation, while others take a more conservative stance. The behavior strategy of each person often depends not only on their personal beliefs, but also on other factors such as social environment, upbringing and belonging to a particular generation. Generational differences in learning are most evident when changing perspectives during learning as a result of participation in the learning process. All this leads to the diversification of the educational approaches and to the adaptation of military education system to student’s diversity.
International Ideation for Hybrid ESP Teaching
Georgieva V.
Abstract
The paper shares some of the experience gained in the ideation process of generating and designing tasks in Specialised Military English for a hybrid learning environment. The product of the ideation is targeted at military and security specialists and is the result of an international project under the EU’s Erasmus+ programme N 2020-1-BG01-KA203-079117. Definitions of ideation, interactive activity/learning, hybrid learning, and ESP are suggested. The main phases of the HELPSec international ideation process of the project partners are presented and some techniques of this process are exemplified.
Some Contemporary Aspects Related to the Big Data
Yankov A.
Abstract
The XXI century may well become not only the era of postmodernity, but also the era of ‘post-humanity’ in the sense that artificial intelligence and robots will displace human beings and, to some extent, human thinking. The article points out that the artificial intelligence, Internet of things and Big data are three factors that are crucial for the implementation of the 4.0 industry. At the same time the author stresses that depersonalization of a human being can gradually wean him to think, analyze and be content only with aggressively introduced patterns of stereotypical behaviour in the virtual space. The difference between the two concepts, namely ‘big data’ and ‘business intelligence’has also been discussed. The so-called ‘three V’, namely: Volume, Velocity, and Variety are underlined as the main characteristics of the Big data. The author concludes that in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic the educational process in the Bulgarian universities was carried out under the influence of big data.
Methodology for Developing Resilient Information Systems in Cyber Conflict Environment
Gagamova V.A., Guncheva A., Vasileva V.
Abstract
Successful cyber defence in the challenging cyber conflict environment depends on many factors but a crucial one is the use of a resilient system for cyber defence which is highly interoperable with those of partner countries and organisations. This paper presents a methodology of developing information systems capabilities resilient and interoperable in cyber conflict environment. The applied approach for defining the system design of information infrastructure is based on NATO models. For the architectural configuration, the NATO Technical Reference Model is applied and the NATO Common Operating Environment Component Model (NCOECM) is used for defining the information infrastructure components of the system design. NATO Technical Reference Model defines system services necessary for the information infrastructure of organizations. Functionalities needed by users and based on system services are also identified using reference models like workstations, servers, terminals and others, which are connected in an integrated information infrastructure. By implementing the proposed methodology a model of architectural configuring of an information infrastructure component has been developed – the Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) Server functional configuration.
Trends in Radicalization Processes and Terrorist Activities After Covid-19
Ivanov D.
Abstract
This report provides a detailed overview of trends in the development of radicalization and terrorism worldwide as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The short-lived changes in the way of life during and after the pandemic give rise to the possibility of new models of terrorism and radicalization in the coming years. Also this report aims to trace how COVID-19 has influenced and changed modern terrorism. On the other hand, the established structural organization of terrorist groups requires from us an in-depth analysis of the direction of their progressive development. Terrorists are increasingly trying to adapt to society in one form or another. Attempts are being made to penetrate them into the social activities of modern society. It was the pandemic that opened up many opportunities for a more concentrated psychological impact on “poorer” societies but the more problematic is that the long-term economic damage caused by the pandemic could reduce the resources available to fight terrorism and radicalization for several years. In the other hand the governments that have seen their coffers run out and their gross national product shrink will face difficult choices about where to spend their reduced revenues, and despite their genuine counter-terrorism commitment, may be forced to feed their populations and revitalize their economies at the expense of defence spending, including funding to fight terrorism and radicalization.
Is De-Risking one of the Indications for an Emerging Competition between the Free Movement of Capital and the Anti-Money Laundering Regulations?
Palazov P.
Abstract
The report is dedicated to analysing the phenomenon of de-risking which may be considered as another indication for the arising competition between the regulatory effect of the anti-money laundering regulation and the deregulatory effect of the liberalization of capital movements within the European Union. The author’s attention is focused on the triggering events for both liberalization of capital movements and de-risking, definition of the phenomenon de-risking and its impact on the free movement of capital and payments.
The Role of Lobbying in the Decision-Making Process in the European Union
Stoilova V.
Abstract
Lobbying in the modern world is becoming part of decision-making processes at the local, state, supranational and global levels. The lobbying process is characterized by the use of various techniques and tools, which is why there are many definitions. In the European Union, it is perceived as a European representation of interests, through which different groups try to influence the decision-making process in the various institutions. Lobbying is often referred to when it is necessary to describe a particular political process, event or phenomenon that has not reached the general public or has remained opaque due to its specific nature. As lobbying becomes increasingly important, this article aims to clarify what lobbying is and what its legitimate and acceptable forms are. It is not without reason that there is a general distrust of the lobbying process and, in particular, of the real intentions of lobbyists. Therefore, many people believe that such activities distort the political process in terms of transparency, integrity and influence. Given the sensitive nature of the topic of lobbying, some good practices from existing lobbying rules at European level will also be considered.
Legal, Political and Security aspects of the Pandemic Language
Belova G., Georgieva G.
Abstract
From spring onwards 2020 has been irrevocably interwoven with words such as “pandemic”, “emergency”, “crisis”, “urgent measures”, etc. The usage of the pandemic language to describe the outbreak of COVID-19 derives from the etymologies of these words. However, it could also be rooted in political motives. There are instances of how specific terms could be mobilized to support policy aims. This is the main reason why more attention should be paid to the strength of the language used and more awareness of the usage of particular terms within a political and security context. It could be considered necessary to take extraordinary “urgent” measures to save lives as a result of a global “pandemic”, but at the same time, it is vital to be careful how exactly these terms are used to justify political principles, which were in operation even before the outbreak of COVID-19.
COVID-19, Psychosocial Effects and Fake News
Nikolova R., Yankov A.
Abstract
2020 will be defined as crucial for the human race, as well as the year that marked the new era in human history and international development. In times of epidemic or pandemic, people tend to be afraid of being infected with the virus, resulting in feelings of stress, fear and depression Global health problems connected with COVID-19 have also highlighted the importance of combating disinformation that can cause high level of panic and social unrest. Fake news and COVID-19 have been going hand-in-hand since the very beginning. The WHO director-general has referred to it as “coronavirus infodemic” which is breeding fright and panic by laying out unchecked rumors or ‘sensational’ news.
