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Erratum to: Financing of Space Exploration and Colonization
Bignami G.F., Sommariva A.
Dispute Settlement in Outer Space
Tronchetti F.
International relations are inextricably linked to the emerging and settling of disputes. Although international law is created to balance diverging interests and to prevent international disagreements, it is nearly inevitable that disputes connected to the interpretation and application of international rules arise. In order to maintain international peace and stability and to ensure the correct application of the law, international law has long established methods and practices to settle international disputes, the so-called dispute settlement mechanisms.
The Future Challenges of Space Law and Policy
Tronchetti F.
Space activities have undergone tremendous changes in the past decades. Once constituting a mere strategic tool in the hands of few states, now they are a global phenomenon affecting the lives of millions of people as well as international relations.
Strategic, Economic and Political Space Policies and Issues
Tronchetti F.
After having discussed the political and economic significance of space activities, this chapter gives some examples of national space policies. Furthermore, it addresses some key issues having special significance on the strategic, economic and political dimension of space activities.
Space Policy: The Political and Strategic Impact of Space Activities
Tronchetti F.
Outer space has progressively become a central component of international relations. Thanks to technological developments, regulatory changes, and a favorable political environment, outer space has acquired a growing significance both from an economic and a strategic point of view.
Global Administration of Outer Space
Tronchetti F.
Space law has progressively become an area of great interest not only from an academic point of view but also from a diplomatic and technical perspective. This interest is revealed by the increasing number of organizations, bodies, agencies, institutions and associations dealing with space matters.
The Legal Framework Regulating International Outer Space Activities
Tronchetti F.
The analysis of any legal framework must start with the description of its sources. A source of law is where one looks to determine the law on a particular matter. Within a national legal system the basic sources are the Constitution of that particular state and the legislation adopted pursuant to it.
National Space Legislation
Tronchetti F.
Space activities have traditionally been limited to governmental entities. In the early decades of the Space Age only states had the technical and financial capabilities to carry out the exploration and use of outer space. Private actors were long excluded from it. On one side, due to strategic and political reasons, governments were hesitant to allow anyone other than their own military or governmental space agencies to be involved in space-related affairs. On the other side, the enormous financial commitments required to undertake any kind of operation in space deterred potential private investors from entering the space sector. Furthermore, the legal framework to regulate private activities in space was largely inadequate.
Where to Go: The Search for Habitable Planets
Bignami G.F., Sommariva A.
Philosophers and scientists speculated for centuries about the existence of extra solar systems. This speculation was not very common among ancient Greek scientists. Given the scale of the universe generally accepted at their time, the existence of extra solar systems gathered very little support. According to Aristotle and Plato, the universe was a finite sphere. Its ultimate limit was the “primum mobile”, whose diurnal rotation was conferred upon it by a transcendental God, not part of the universe, a motionless prime mover and first cause.
The Uncertainties
Bignami G.F., Sommariva A.
This book has developed a scenario for interstellar exploration and colonization, which is hypothetical but not unrealistic. It has identified the forces that may shape the future in this direction. This chapter will analyze the uncertainties surrounding this scenario that may push the future in different directions. The development of the technologies for interstellar exploration requires money and time, with money initially coming from the public purse.
Introduction
Bignami G.F., Sommariva A.
Travelling to the stars has always fascinated mankind. It has been the subject of numerous literary works and science fiction stories. When we grew up during the sixties, those objectives seemed achievable. The launch of the Sputnik 1 in October 1957 and the first landing on moon by the American Apollo program in July 1969 created an atmosphere of optimism pervading not only science and technology, but also arts, as the movie of Kubrick “2001: A Space Odyssey”, which explored man destiny in space and the encounter with an alien life form: the black cube.
Motivations for Space Explorations and Colonization
Bignami G.F., Sommariva A.
This chapter will try to answer the question of what are the most important drivers leading to interstellar travel by humans within the next hundred years. Some observers claim that the main reasons behind space exploration are: (1) survival of the human species, (2) access to additional natural resources, and (3) the spreading of life in the universe.
Financing of Space Exploration and Colonization
Bignami G.F., Sommariva A.
Our scenario foresees an early phase of development of propulsion technologies with a 10 year period of manned mission definition studies, automated probe payload definition studies and development efforts on critical propulsion technology areas.
Interstellar Exploration Technologies
Bignami G.F., Sommariva A.
Astronautics and astronautical engineering are the theory and practice of navigation beyond the Earth’s atmosphere. The early history of astronautics is theoretical. The fundamental mathematics of space travel was established by Newton in his 1687 treatise “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica”. Other mathematicians, such as Leonhard Euler and Joseph Louis Lagrange also made essential contributions in the 18th and 19th centuries.
