Multifocus image fusion employs fusion principles to integrate many focused images of the same scene. All-in-focus images are instructive and valuable for visual perception. Maintaining shift-invariant and directional selectivity in a fused image is crucial. Traditional wavelet-based fusion methods are hindered their performance due to a lack of invariant shift and reduced directionality. In this paper, a classical multifocus hybrid wavelet-based approach with principal component analysis (PCA) is proposed. At the first level of decomposition, stationary wavelet transformation (SWT) is used to perform the fusion process with the given source images. In the next level, approximation coefficients of source images are selected for decomposition as well as fusion using dual-tree complex wavelet transformation (DTCWT) and finally, PCA is applied to generate a final fused image. Analysis of the proposed method has been accomplished by evaluating various objective parameters.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most challenging metabolic pandemics that affect essential biochemical pathways in the body. The cost of Diabetes mellitus treatment and its side effects may call for an investigation on plant products as sources of treatment. Whereas, traditional medicine has proven that treatment with plant extracts is affordable, effective, and may have fewer negative effects than modern medicines. The current study aimed to investigate the renoprotective effects of senna (Cassia angustifolia) and fennel (Feoniculum vulgar) against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in albino rats. Male albino rats were used as animal models which divided into five groups, normal group (control), diabetic group (single i.p. 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin, (STZ), and 3 diabetic groups that were treated with aqueous extract of (senna (150mg/kg/day), or fennel (150mg/kg/day) and their combination) by gastric intubation for 4 weeks. Diabetic rats exhibited a highly significant increase in the levels of blood glucose, renal enzymes and renal weight. Also, a significant increase in nitric oxide (NO), thiobarbituricacid reactive substances (TBARS) and xanthine oxidase (XO) accompanied by a significant decrease in vitamin C, catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in renal tissues as compared to control group. In conclusion oral administration of senna and/or fennel extract reduces oxidative stress in renal tissue by lowering blood glucose levels, increasing plasma insulin, and restoring weight loss and levels of renal enzymes in diabetic rats. The present investigation suggested that the treatment with mix of (senna and fennel) exhibited antidiabetic activity, and had renoprotective effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats.

There has been significant westernization in Saudi Arabia and is one of the countries with the highest prevalence rates of overweight and obesity. According to the study, obesity has become a substantial cause of concern in the country, whereby 70% of people experienced the problem. Obesity was associated with obstructive sleep apnea and osteoarthritis. A systematic and comprehensive search of the selected keywords on PubMed, Medline, and Saudi Digital Library (SDL) database was conducted between November 2020 and January 2021. The result of our study suggests that the prevalence of adult and childhood obesity in Saudi Arabia is extremely high and currently it is undergoing a fast-growing rate of obesity crisis. Genetic factors, reduced physical activity, and high caloric intake contribute to its prevalence. Because of its association with other cardiovascular diseases, it is regarded as a significant matter of concern in Saudi Arabia. Obesity currently considered an epidemic and therefore, is a major public health concern.

The purpose of the research is to study the trends of transformation of forms of management in the Russian agro-industrial complex in the conditions of preserving the general contradictions of the development of small and large forms of management. The main objective is to analyze the Russian agro-industrial complex. The subject of the study is the forms of management and the trends of their development. The last two decades are considered as the main time horizon of the study. The study made it possible: firstly, to reveal a stable tendency towards the predominance of large farms in the structure of production and the dynamics of output volumes given the existing institutional factors; secondly, to determine scenario forecasts (conservative, basic and optimistic) of the main trends in the further development of small and large forms of management; thirdly, to show the influence of the phenomenon of a global pandemic on transformation processes in the Russian agro-industrial complex. The relevance of this study is since during the thirty years of the market transformation of the national system of agrarian relations, significant changes have occurred among the main economic entities: especially in the issues of the evolution of the content, motivation of activity, sustainability factors and classification criteria for economic entities engaged in the production of agricultural products. These processes are reflected in the solution of common strategic problems: issues of ensuring both national food security and global food security issues

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is the widespread type of DM which causes chronic as well as progressive alterations at microvascular level, which particularly effects the eye. The main characteristic of this disease is the development of few new blood vessels around the retina of eye as well as at the posterior region of eye segments. For our computational analysis 155 differentially expressed genes calculated through paired t test statistics analysis using the GenePattern platform, of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in Saudi patients were downloaded. Among the 155 genes, 95 were upregulated, and 60 were downregulated. The Annotation Cluster (FAC) tool in the (DAVID) (http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/home.jsp) was used to identify biological processes that are abundant in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The functions required for response to mRNA splicing, intracellular protein transport, mRNA processing, microtubule cytoskeleton structure, and atrioventricular canal formation are represented by the GO keywords that are abundant in genes. We used the KAAS web server to identify the biological pathways of these DEGs in addition to DAVID functional analysis and found that the majority of the DEGs were associated with important biological processes, with many being classified in metabolic pathways, Spliceosome, Cell cycle, or being involved in the mRNA surveillance pathway. findings are consistent with those of earlier research. To corroborate the predictions stated in this work, which will demonstrate the role enhanced functional processes, experimental validation will be necessary.

Kaempferia galanga L. or ‘aromatic ginger’ is a stem-less herb in Zingiberaceae having different pharmacological properties like antioxidant, antimicrobial, nemeticidal, vasorelaxant and wound healing activity. The plant is generally a vegetatively propagated annual herb; its conservation using conventional methods takes more time to get sufficient amount of planting materials for commercial cultivation. Micropropagation by in vitro methods helps to overcome the present demand for this high sought medicinal and aromatic species. At present the concern on in vitro propagation is directed to rhizome or storage organ induction for productive acclimatization and to reduce the injury during transportation. Microrhizomes are the small rhizomes developed in in vitro conditions and its induction is an effective biotechnological tool for the production of quality planting materials as they are genetically stable and disease free. The present study is discussing the role of silver nitrate (AgNO3) along with sucrose in in vitro microrhizome induction in K. galanga for the first time. MS medium fortified with 2.0 mgl-1 AgNO3 along with 6% (w/v) sucrose produced maximum amount of microrhizomes i.e., 4.52±0.11 g after 3 months that increased to 5.70±0.20 g in six months of harvesting. Here we also reports the comparative analysis of chemical constituents in the essential oil of in vivo rhizomes and in vitro microrhizome through GC-MS analysis that further reveals the superior characteristics of the microrhizomes in terms of the bioactive components ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate and ethyl cinnamate, the esters that contribute the nematicidal, antituberculosis, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and larvicidal properties to the oil. This protocol for in vitro microrhizome induction can be used for the commercial production of rhizomes and essential oil in K. galanga and the outcome of this study can be further used for mass production of pathogen-free microrhizomes and conservation for its sustainable utilization of the species.

The status of health of any aquatic ecosystem is largely dependent on the diversity and density of zooplankton inhabiting the water body. Zooplankton are considered to be the most vital primary consumer in any aquatic ecosystem. At the same time, they also influence to a greater extent in determining the total productivity of an aquatic body. The present study is an attempt to estimate the diversity of zooplankton and to find out the richness, evenness, of the freshwater perennial aquatic body, Lalbundh of Bishnupur, Bankura.The study was carried out during December 2018 to November 2019. The whole period of study was divided into four major seasons viz winter (December2018 to February2018), Summer (March2019to May 2019), Monsoon (June 2019 to August 2019) and post monsoon (September 2019 to November 2019). Collection of the zooplankton samples and their quantitative analysis was done following the standard procedures. During the whole period of study 18 different species of zooplankton have been identified from the study area. Out of them 7 species belong to the Rotifera group, 6 species belong to Cladocera group, 3 species of Copepoda group and 2 species of Ostracoda group. Rotifera group comprise the dominant of all the groups constituting 39% of the total zooplankton species, followed by Cladocera (33%), Copepoda(18%) and Ostracoda (11%). The range of Shannon diversity index value of zooplankton varies from 2.76 to 2.88. The species richness value varies from 2.45 (winter) to 2.56 (monsoon). Evenness value varies from 0.95 in summer to0.98in monsoon. Zooplankton diversity indices values of Lalbundh give a clear indication of light condition of pollution level of the water body. The main reason behind the pollution of this perennial water body may be the floating dead and decomposed macrophytes in it. They should be removed as far as possible at regular intervals so that the pollution level can be reduced and the water body can be more efficiently used for pisciculture practices.

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are chlorinated hydrocarbons that used extensively in the last century for agricultural purposes. Excess use of OCPs results pesticide residues accumulation in the water and fishes and causes various health problems. The concentrations of Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues in water and fish samples of six most contaminated rivers surrounding Dhaka, Bangladesh namely Buriganga, Turag, Balu, Sitalakhya, Bangshai and Dhaleswari were determined and assessed the possible health risks through consumption of accumulated OCPs in fishes from those rivers. .As we know, OCPs are non-biodegradable and thus remain in the environment as pollutants. Therefore, OCPs exposure must be monitored and controlled to reduce the human health risks. Risk assessment is an important procedure to quantify the potential health risks and provides information the risk managers to control the overuse of OCPs. The concentrations of OCPs residues were determined by Gas Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). After sample collection, sample was extracted and analyzed according to the validated method. Several OCPs residues including Aldrin, p,p-DDE, Eldrine ketone, p,p-DDD, Endrin, α-Endosulfan, Heptachlorepoxide, p,p-DDT, Endosulfan sulfate and β-Endosulfan were detected in river water and residues including Aldrin, p,p-DDE, Heptachlorepoxide, p,p-DDD, Endrin and p,p-DDT were detected in fish samples. The Health risk index (HI) values of Aldrin, p,p-DDE, Heptachlorepoxide, p,p-DDD, Endrin and p,p-DDT from analyzed three fish species (Acanthobrama microlepis, Barbonymus gonionotus and Batasio tengana) were ranged from 0.036 to 1.696, 0.029 to 2.007, 0.022 to 1.117, 0.0231 to 0.721, 0.019 to 1.597 and 0.019 to 1.205 for Buriganga, Turag, Balu, Sitalakhya, Bangshai and Dhaleswari rivers respectively. OCPs are quantified in river water and fish samples and potential health risks are accessed. This study suggested that, there might have OCPs mediated health risks through long term exposure of OCPs residues from fishes of those polluted rivers. Although, our study provided estimation about the presence of OCPs in water and fishes from six contaminated rivers surrounding Dhaka city but, further studies are suggested to ensure the safety of peoples.

Diversity of Nematode communities in Pir Panjal range of Jammu and Kashmir along with nematodes’ driven indices were studied. Himalayan mountainous areas of district Rajouri were selected. Community composition and trophic structure (feeding types) were assessed and were analyzed at various altitudes and across varied habitats, which differ significantly on moving from low elevation to high elevation areas. A total of 47 genera were recorded across mountain clines. In terms of taxonomic groups, in higher elevations, the order Dorylaimids represent 55.18%, followed by Tylenchida 28.85%, Mononchida 2.38%, Rhabditida 2.18%, and Aphelenchida 2.05%, whereas in the lower reaches, the order Rhabditida represent 30.18%, followed by Dorylaimids 28.75%, Tylenchida 15.85%, Mononchida 10.05% and Aphelenchida 1.05%. In terms of trophic groups, in the upper reaches, omnivores (56.6%) predominate, representing highest number, followed by plant parasitic (33.4%), bacterivore (4.2%), predatory (3.2%) and fungivore (2.60%). In the lower reaches, Bacterivores (38.08%) predominates, followed by omnivores (29.85%), plant parasitic (18.5%), predatory (12.5%) and fungivores (1.07%). The total nematode abundance and diversity were found increasing with elevation This pattern applied to most genera and feeding types. Across the regions, nematode diversity and community composition increases positively with elevations and richer habitats as given by Simpson index and Shannon-Weaver index. We conclude that nematode assemblages are potentially good bioindicators of climate change. They reacted sensitively and predictably to the changing environment. Thus, nematodes have suitability for long-term monitoring of biodiversity and community changes. Sampling techniques are well standardized and inexpensive. Furthermore, feeding types of nematodes can be determined with minimal taxonomic skills.

Due to the increased use of synthetic dyes in various industries, there is an increased disposal of wastewater containing harmful dyes. These, in turn, have affected plants, animals, and humans. The physical and chemical methods of dye decolorization have failed to degrade the synthetic dyes in industrial effluents completely. The microbial decolorization is better due to its versatility, dynamic metabolism, and potential machinery of enzymes. This study aimed to degrade basic yellow dye auramine O by bacteria isolated from textile industry effluent. In this regard, five bacterial strains were isolated and screened from a soil sample taken from textile industry effluent. The initial physical and biochemical characterization of the bacterial isolates 1 and 2 indicated catalase test-positive, starch test-negative, motility agar test-negative, gram staining test-positive, and morphology-bacillus. The bacterial isolates 3, 4, and 5 indicated oxidase test-negative, urease test-positive, gram staining test-negative, and morphology-staphylococcus. All the isolates were further subjected to a screening test, where isolate 5 showed maximum dye decolorization of 98.9% in 96 h. The biodegradation of dye was optimized for different values of initial pH (4-10), inoculum size (2% -10%), initial dye concentration (50 mgL-1 to400 mgL-1), carbon source (glucose, fructose, xylose, starch and lactose) and nitrogen source (peptone, ammonium sulphate, yeast extract, ammonium nitrate and urea). Maximum dye decolorization was observed for initial dye concentration of 200 mgL-1, initial pH of 6, inoculum size of 10%, yeast extract as nitrogen source, and glucose as carbon source. Therefore, dye degradation by bacteria can be used as a potential method for auramine O dye treatment.