Two inferences correct in classical logic are controversial in cognitive science. The reason is that people do not always deem them as valid inferences. One of them is the rule to introduce a conditional. The other one is the rule to introduce a disjunction. The theory of mental models has an account for them. Their conclusions refer to models, and, in both cases, one of those models is inconsistent with the premise. When semantics modulates and removes the incoherent model, the inferences are accepted as correct. The present paper tries to describe those phenomena within the framework of first-order predicate logic. It proposes that the rule to introduce a conditional is not admitted when the conclusion is not a conditional, but a biconditional. It also claims that the rule to introduce a disjunction is not accepted when the disjunction is exclusive.

There has been a great interest in abstract nouns such as concept, problem, result from different research approaches. These nouns, labelled here as ‘signalling nouns’, have been extensively investigated in numerous studies focussing on a range of aspects. Differences in terms of their patterns and uses have been explored between genres, disciplines, and languages, yet little is known about possible variation on the level of rhetorical move. The present study examines the distribution of signalling nouns and their semantic, lexico-grammatical and discourse features across the moves in the Discussion-Conclusion section of 124 applied linguistics research articles. The examination of signalling nouns from such a micro level of move allows for deeper insights into rhetorical factors governing their differing preferences for particular patterns and the performance of each pattern associated with a particular noun. This detailed account also highlights how a text is constructed cohesively through the co-occurrence of moves. Findings from the present study have important implications for academic writing instruction.

To compensate, even if on a small scale, for the scarcity of investigations of English-into-Romanian machine translations from a corpus-based genre-specific perspective, this case study concerns the quality of such translation outcomes in the particular case of two different, but closely related, text genres – everyday and newspaper/ news releases language, that have been translated with the help of Google Translate. The paper starts from Keshavarz’s (1999) very general model of error analysis to create a linguistic error profile in the two genres taken into consideration. The errors identified and discussed are illustrated with small-scale corpus examples. Since they reflect the capabilities of the Google translation platform, the findings of this paper may be relevant for its developers to get a clearer picture of its strengths and limitations and suggest ways of improving it so that it can ultimately provide higher quality translations. It may also contribute to raising translators’ attention to which areas are potentially problematic when they work, in the post-editing stage, with the English-Romanian language pair, with the particular text genres considered here.

The article provides a comprehensive account of English words and phrases that gained media prominence during the first 10 months of the Russia-Ukraine war. Three categories of lexical units were identified: lexical neologisms (new coinages), such as sanctionista, war fatigue, Zelensky-washing, etc.; semantic neologisms – words and phrases that had existed prior to the war, but acquired new meanings due to it – such as deputinization, Russian exodus, etc.; units that had been used occasionally and inconsistently up to 2022, but gained new relevance in light of the war – such as ruscism, stalinization, digital iron curtain, etc. Some of the units under study were first coined in the Ukrainian or Russian languages and subsequently spread to other languages (missile terrorism, ruscism), while others are limited to English only and have no equivalents in either Ukrainian or Russian (sanctionista, archivocide). Focusing on news media and social media discourse on the Russia-Ukraine war, we trace the etymology of these words and phrases, their recurrence and context of use, as well as the pragmatic value they have in shaping public stance on the war in the West. We also take into consideration humorous occasionalisms, memes and monikers that trended on social media during this period of the war, providing a way of tension release while also contributing to Ukrainian information warfare and fundraising purposes. The study is instrumental in driving our understanding of the mechanisms of media framing of emotionally loaded and potentially dividing political issues. 

The conceptual metaphor is a major persuasive tool in political discourse. Therefore, the aim of the research is to analyze the realization of van Dijk’s Ideological Square strategies with the help of machine conceptual metaphors used by the presidential candidates during the 2020 electioneering campaign. The data of the research comprise 99 political speeches delivered by Donald Trump and Joe Biden at rallies. Consequently, the following methods of linguistic analysis were used: a Critical Discourse Analysis, a Conceptual Metaphor Analysis in the form of the method of the reconstruction of conceptual mappings, a comparative method, a contextual analysis, and statistical methods. As a result, the analysis demonstrated that conceptual metaphors, which were identified in the corpus, play an important role in realizing the Ideological Square strategies with persuasive goals. Apart from that, it was established that the conceptual metaphor ECONOMY IS A MACHINE is predominant in Donald Trump’s and Joe Biden's discourses. In addition, the data analysis showed that the majority of metaphors were used to highlight the candidate’s own positive sides while exaggerating his opponent’s disadvantages.

Controlled language, as a subset of natural language, refers to the restricted or standardised use of lexicon, grammar and style. It has been hypothesised that the use of controlled language makes technical texts more translatable and therefore more understandable. This paper reports the results of an experimental study designed to test this hypothesis. The results showed that controlled technical language improved the comprehensibility and translatability of technical documentation in terms of accuracy, style and text quality. The study suggests that international companies should employ technical writers and translators who prioritise the language and extralinguistic norms of the target audience, rather than blindly adhering to the source text.

The article aims at identifying and analysing conceptual metaphors in Volodymyr Zelensky’s political discourse, their role and functions within the armed conflict. The consequences of this war are globally relevant because the geopolitical situation in the region, the future of the EU and its member states, especially Poland, the Baltic States and EU candidate Moldova, are highly dependent on the end of this war. The most prevalent conceptual metaphors, identified in Zelensky’s discourse are – WAR IS A JOURNEY, STATE IS A BUILDING, WAR IS A GAME and STATE IS A PERSON. Their role is to form an intended positive image of Ukraine and a negative image of Russia; to define who is a victim and who is an enemy in this war. Furthermore, the real perception of the situation, based on conceptual metaphors, might attract more support in the form of armament, stricter sanctions against Russia, and, eventually, to lead to the victory.


 Antonymy is considered a binary lexical-semantic opposition of words, a lexical-sematic relation among other relations such as synonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy. Several authors have categorized the binary opposition of antonyms when considering the typology of antonyms. Issues such as the use of antonyms in discourse, how different languages use antonyms, patterns of distribution, etc., will be dealt with in this paper. This study aims to provide a comparative perspective of the Albanian and English patterns of co-occurrence of antonymous pairs in sentences. The co-occurrence of antonyms in sentences and the roles of antonymous pairs have been the object of cross-linguistic study in different languages, including French, Swedish, Chinese, Serbian, Rumanian, etc. This article adds to the list of cross-linguist studies, providing a broader database for further comparative studies and opening the way to other comparative studies between similar and different languages other than English. This article aims to identify examples of antonym pairs co-occurring in the same syntactic frame using an empirical, quantitative method. The Albanian National Corpus is used as a “clinical setting” for the investigation. A detailed analysis of the distribution of such pairs in the English and Albanian corpora, with examples illustrating similarities and differences. Both languages show a predominance of ancillary and coordinated antonymy. Also, coordinated antonyms are more significant in number in both languages and are followed by the second major group of ancillary antonyms. Regarding differences, far more examples were classified as residual in Albanian than in English.
 
 
 Key Words: antonymy, co-occurrence, pairs, corpus-based research, discourse functions

When translating helonyms from Latvian to English, translators encounter several terms with synonymic meanings that can be used as equivalents of the Latvian term purvs, although they specify the type of wetland more accurately: for example, bog, fen, marsh, mire, and swamp. As natural environments may vary significantly among different geographical locations, a wetland habitat found in one region may not exist in another. Currently, there is no comprehensive classification system that encompasses all types of wetlands around the world; and therefore, the equivalence of wetland names in the environmental terminology among various languages is often unclear. The present paper investigates whether the English translations of Latvian helonyms and the Latvian translations of the United States (US) helonyms are accurate and consistent regarding the available wetland terminology in each language. A total of 21 helonyms are analysed in the study but 4 are presented in the paper: Raganu purvs, Platenes purvs, Manchac Swamp and Suisun Marsh. The method of data collection used in the paper is term excerption, and the methods used for data analysis are contrastive and qualitative. The sources for excerpted terms referring to Latvian and the US helonyms are online tourism websites in both Latvian and English. The precision of the translation of helonyms and the type of wetland habitat were verified using the websites of the Nature Conservation Agencies of both countries and other texts related to the environment. The results suggest that when translating helonyms from Latvian to English, it is necessary to know the specific type of wetland habitat to be able to choose the appropriate English language term. In translations of helonyms from English into Latvian, the most frequently used word is the superordinate term purvs.

Kolokacijų vertimas – mažai nagrinėta tema vertimo studijų darbuose; daugiau dėmesio tenka profesionalių vertėjų darbų tyrimams, o besimokančiųjų vertėjų tekstai ligi šiol plačiau netyrinėti (Granger ir Lefer, 2018; 2020). Kita vertus, kaip teigia Granger ir Lefer (2018), besimokančiųjų vertėjų darbų analizė gali suteikti daug žinių ir pedagoginiams, ir tyrimų tikslams. Šio straipsnio tikslas – pristatyti tarptautinį MUST projektą Lietuvos vertimo studijų tyrėjų auditorijai ir parodyti jame kaupiamo MUST-LT tekstyno pritaikymo galimybes kaip atvejo analizę pasitelkiant kolokacijų vertimų tyrimą. Medžiaga, t. y. 32 publicistinio žanro tekstų vertimai, tyrimui paimta iš anglų–lietuvių kalbų MUST-LT patekstynio (46299 žodžiai). Tyrimui atrinktos 6 kolokacijos (iš viso 192 vertimai), po dvi kiekvienai iš šių vertimo kategorijų: kai vertimas (1) gali būti arba (2) neturėtų būti pažodinis dėl konteksto, stilistinės raiškos, įprastinės lietuvių kalbos vartosenos arba (3) tarpkalbinės raiškos skirtumų. Paaiškėjo, kad kaip ir ankstesniuose kolokacijų vertimo tyrimuose, studentų išverstose kolokacijose, kurių dėmenims neturėtų būti taikomas pažodinis vertimas, gali būti jaučiama originalo kalbos įtaka, stilistinės raiškos paprastinimas, o vertimo sprendimai, lyginant su kolokacijomis, kurioms pažodinis vertimas tinka, ne tokie sėkmingi. Tokie tyrimai gali padėti formuojant vertėjams skirtų kursų, juose aptariamų aspektų ar atliekamų užduočių spektrą, pateikti duomenys gali būti perpanaudoti kitiems ir kitų klaidų tyrimams, pratimams generuoti.

Texts, including original botany textbooks (not translations or adaptations) produced in the second part of the 19th century and early decades of the 20th century embody a period of intense linguistic development in the Latvian language. This paper provides a linguistic analysis of the features of two botany textbooks: Botānika tautas skolām un pašmācībai (Botany for Folk Schools and Self-Education) by Jānis Ilsters (1883) and Botānika (Botany) by Pauls Galenieks, also citing its further editions (1924–1945). The aim of the study is to collate data that is representative of morphological, syntactic and lexical changes and stable elements from these texts. The respective linguistic phenomena are discussed and analysed in the context of language facts present in several dictionaries and other relevant publications. The data obtained in this study illustrates that by the end of the period covered in this paper, the process of turbulent linguistic changes in the Latvian language had been replaced by more balanced development with some indications of stabilisation, although numerous features remained variable and dynamic. Despite a number of the syntactic and lexical elements recorded in the main sources of the study having since changed and/or become obsolete, these textbooks provide evidence that both the Latvian language and the linguistic materials used in botany were to a great extent already well developed and had begun to enter the stabilisation phase. In recent years, botany has become an area of increased linguistic interest among botany experts and linguists themselves, although the collation of a detailed data set detailing the development of the whole body of specialised lexis used in botany remains a task for the future.

Terminology work requires a lot of data processing in the practical research of comparative linguistics, especially when studying linguistic and terminological changes over time. The lack of appropriate wide-usage electronic tools and databases can slow down such research. Thus, an efficient information management solution is necessary to improve the efficiency of terminology and comparative linguistic research. Since 2021, a team of terminologists, translators, researchers, and information system developers worked together for two years, during which the open access interactive multifunctional database management system (IMDS) was designed and developed for data storage and a wide range of statistical and search options, especially for language research purposes and comparative multilingual studies in linguistics and terminology. The information system consists of multiple modules (input, statistics, export, etc.). The data input module was successfully designed and developed and has been used effectively by researchers for entering and collecting special lexis units. The article mainly describes the statistical data that can be obtained from the IMDS, as well as problems encountered during the development of the system. The IMDS data collection has been updated with 50,846 entries of scientific (Latin) organism names, 60,585 entries of local names of different organisms (mainly in Latvian, but also in other languages), 1427 entries of names of organism-caused diseases, 2942 entries of dictionary words and 313 entries of terms with definitions collected based on excerpts from different publications containing common names linked with their scientific names.

The paper presents a comparative analysis of two audiovisual commercials targeted at mothers. While the Huggies commercial employs the mother identity established in the 20th-century media discourse, the Frida Mom commercial challenges this normative by constructing a more complex identity. The major argument is that stance-taking as a discursive practice enables the persuader to build the intended identity and thus to influence the persuadee’s decision. The paper studies both verbal and non-verbal stance-taking markers employed by the secondary participants, voice-over and superimposed texts. It concludes that the modalities are complementary in the sense that the verbal certainty provided in a faceless style is completed by the visual positive affect and vice versa in case of the Huggies commercial, but in the Frida Mom commercial both verbal and visual modalities communicate either doubt and negative affect simultaneously, or the positive affect. Concerning the stance object, while the Huggies commercial focuses on evaluating the product being advertised and the positive aspect the product brings to the mothering practice, the Frida Mom commercial evaluates the mothering practice in a much broader sense, ranging from the negative affect towards the mental health issues related to breastfeeding up to the positive affect towards maternal love.

During ongoing research on linguistic means and translation solutions for transferring into English the implied values of Latvian diminutives in literary translations, Guidelines for translators, which might assist them in their decision-making process, have been drafted and piloted. The aim of the present paper is to find out what revisions of the draft Guidelines devised for transferring implied values of the Latvian source text diminutives into English may be required on the bases of analysis of the feedback and translation solutions chosen by novice translators piloting these Guidelines. The draft Guidelines were piloted during a student translation experiment, where its participants worked in pairs or groups of three, translated selected fragments from Latvian prose texts, and recorded their Dialogue Think Aloud Protocols (DTAPs). Afterwards, they completed a questionnaire, reflecting on their translation process and the usefulness of the draft Guidelines in their decision-making process. The analysis of the anonymously coded and processed experiment data (translations, DTAPs, questionnaire answers) shows that the participants considered and took into account the advice of the draft Guidelines. They used various stylistically marked parts of speech and other linguistic means, thus being able to convey the nuances expressed by source text diminutives in almost 85% of the analysed cases. As a result, it can be concluded that, from the experiment participants’ perspective, no major revisions of the draft Guidelines are required. The next stage of this research is obtaining the opinion of translator trainers on the draft Guidelines in the translator training process.

Der Artikel basiert auf Erfahrungen aus der Werkstatt des Großen Akademischen Wörterbuchs Deutsch-Tschechisch (GAWDT). Dieses langfristige Forschungsprojekt erfasst nicht nur den allgemeinen Wortschatz der deutschen Gegenwartssprache, sondern auch Kernbereiche der Terminologien, die zu kleineren zweisprachigen Spezialwörterbüchern ausgebaut werden. Deswegen erscheint der Umfang des Informationsangebots in doppelter Perspektive. Der Text illustriert an einigen Beispielen die Bearbeitung der terminologischen Synonyme im deutschen und tschechischen Teil eines Wörterbuchartikels bzw. eines Datenbankinputs.

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, linguists and terminologists in particular are confronted with a lot of challenges in translating new terminology. This has to do with a mass communication that is largely centred around English. The sometimes-sudden creation of new terms as a response to the new realities is one of the reasons behind these challenges. So, it is only fitting to research these attempts to offer equivalents for these newly-coined English terms posing problems to Romanian translators. This article aims to investigate in more detail the terminology related to the coronavirus pandemic, as a means to contributing to the rise of valid Romanian versions of English terminology specific for the coronavirus pandemic, keeping in mind that terms are “dynamically equivalent”. Our reasoning behind the investigation of the coronavirus-related vocabulary and its translation from English into Romanian (mainly via Google Translate) is to look into the issue of poverty of linguistic resources employed to adequately translate these terms. An analysis of the coronavirus pandemic-related terminology shows that Romanian equivalents for the newly-coined English terms is either missing of awkward sounding. We are going to investigate the several reasons for this. Our belief is that the main reason has to do with the fact that most of the available information about COVID-19, irrespective of its medium (blogs, social media content, articles), is in English. If we are to compare this to what happens in case of machine translation use, then the outcome is in certain cases quite infelicitous.

Šio straipsnio tikslas – nustatyti pasirinktų lietuvių kalbos vienaskaitinių abstrakčiųjų daiktavardžių gramatinės formos leksikalizaciją, kuri yra susijusi su žodžių skaičiaus gramatinės formos pasikeitimu. Daroma prielaida, kad dėl skaičiaus gramatinės formos pasikeitimo, keičiasi ir leksinė reikšmė. Išsamiau aprašyti leksikalizuotus daiktavardžius, metodus, kaip atpažinti leksikalizaciją, aktualu, kadangi leksika yra greičiausiai kintantis kalbos sluoksnis, taigi pokyčius būtina fiksuoti, o žodynus atnaujinti, redaguoti, juo labiau kad ši analizė remiasi vartosenos pavyzdžiais iš tekstynų. Netermininės leksikos pavyzdžiai atrinkti iš Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyno (DLKT), Delfi.lt tekstyno (DT) ir internetinės Google paieškos. Nors tekstynų statistiniai duomenys parodė, kad tiriamų vienaskaitinių abstrakčiųjų daiktavardžių daugiskaitėjimo reiškinys nėra labai išplitęs, atlikus analizę matyti, kad daugiskaitėjančios leksemos įgauna naujų reikšmių (arba sememų). Vienos turi aukštą leksikalizacijos laipsnį, tokios leksemos galėtų būti pateikiamos atskirame daugiskaitinės lemos žodyniniame straipsnyje. Kitu atveju, kai daugiskaitos formų leksikalizacijos laipsnis yra žemas, jos nėra laikomos savarankiškais leksiniais vienetais. Termininės leksikos gramatinės formos leksikalizacija nustatyta remiantis Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne (DLKŽ) ir Lietuvos Respublikos terminų banke (TB) pateikiamomis reikšmėmis. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad kasdienės kalbos žodžių perėjimą į specialios kalbos leksiką lemia terminizacija, tačiau yra ir tokių atvejų, kai tarp kasdienės kalbos žodžio ir termino reikšmių nėra ryškaus semantinio nuotolio, o tai leidžia kalbėti apie terminizacijos nebuvimą.

The universal notion of time, alongside the basic notion of space, is believed to determine the formation of a huge number of other notions of the human mind. The results of time interpretation are fixed first and foremost in the semantics of the lexical units of national languages. The novelty of this research is that the noun synonyms to the lexeme time in present-day English have been established and analyzed with their subsequent grouping in synonymic rows within the core of the nominative field of time. The structure of the polysemous lexeme time, which consists of nine lexico-semantic variants, was chosen as guidance for synonymic rows organization. On the ground of the established obligatory and optional ties between them, among which hyper-hyponymic relations turn out to be fundamental, the semantic network of the core of the nominative field of time has been revealed and visualized. The network is based on four central hypersemes that represent the main features of the notion of time verbalized by the noun units of present-day English. A clear tendency of synonyms to express time metaphorically and metonymically in terms of ‘quantity’ in close connection to the components ‘something that happens’ and ‘state’ has been established. 

Cette contribution a pour but d’étudier les onomatopées verbales du tchèque, que l’on retrouve par exemple dans des formes comme A pes haf na Magdu « Et le chien haf sur Magda », où l’onomatopée haf « ouaf » est insérée directement dans la phrase et fonctionne comme un prédicat. Nous situons tout d’abord ces tournures à l’intérieur de la classe des mots onomatopéiques, afin de voir ce qui les distingue d’une part des onomatopées pures, comme haf, d’autre part des verbes onomatopéiques, comme hafnout « aboyer ». Nous proposons dans un second temps une interprétation des onomatopées verbales dans le cadre de la psychomécanique du langage et du concept d’opérativité. Nous montrons notamment que les onomatopées verbales entretiennent un rapport spécifique à la langue et au discours : elles ont en effet une valeur d’onomatopée en langue, mais de verbe en discours. Elles ne retiennent du verbe que la seule propriété d’incidence externe, qui leur permet de trouver un support dans le nom et d’avoir ainsi une fonction prédicative. Au sein des mots onomatopéiques, le caractère intra-phrastique des onomatopées verbales fait de ces dernières des saisies tardives par rapport aux onomatopées pures, qui constituent des « mots-phrases », selon la terminologie de Tesnière. En revanche, c’est par leur morphologie verbale déficiente que les onomatopées verbales se distinguent des verbes onomatopéiques, lesquels sont pour leur part pourvus de l’ensemble des catégories verbales obligatoires. Les onomatopées verbales correspondent ainsi à une saisie précoce des verbes onomatopéiques lors de la genèse de l’acte de langage.

The paper offers a new complex methodology for analyzing the linguocultural concept HUMAN AGE as a multidimensional archetypal and stereotypical mental structure of human consciousness. To recognize the systemic essence of the Ukrainian, Russian, and English native speakers’ world mapping and their cultural stereotypes, the concept HUMAN AGE is studied by considering its realization through lexical, phraseological, and paremiological units. The study assumes the analysis of such concept structure components as an etymological/historical layer that reflects the essential notional features of the concept, an additional layer, formed as a result of the concept in growth, and an active layer that is regarded relevant for the modern native speakers and represented by axio-notional, axio-figurative, and axio-evaluative stereotypes that help forward mentalizing the concept in the Ukrainian, Russian, and English native speakers’ consciousness. The archetypal basis of the concept is identified by considering the etymology of the concept names and nominations of age stages and persons by age in the three languages. The stages of stereotyping the axio-notional, axio-figurative, and axio-evaluative images of the human age that reveal the similarities (universal features) and differences (nationally specific features) in the mapping of archetypal and stereotypical images of the human age in the consciousness of Ukrainians, Russians, and the English are analyzed. Ultimately, the most complete set of archetypal and symbolic features (universal and nationally specific), sociocultural age stereotypes (neutral, positive, and negative), numerological, coloristic, phytomorphic, and zoomorphic metaphorical nominations of age stages and persons by age in Ukrainian, Russian, and English linguocultures is presented.

Centrality claims in the introduction part of a research article are aimed at attracting readers’ attention towards the research topic to be discussed in the article. Readers will decide whether or not to continue reading the article if the appeal is effective and the claims of the importance and usefulness of the article are accepted. However, most studies investigate only the discourse patterns and linguistic features of article introductions without analyzing further how authors attract readers’ attention to the importance of their research topic. This study aimed at comparing the types of centrality claims found in the introductions of articles published in high-rank and low-rank international journals in Applied Linguistics. Forty articles chosen from four Scopus-indexed international journals in Applied Linguistics were used in this study. The results showed that on average every article used 3.65 appeals of different types. Two types of claims (appeal to salience and appeal to problematicity) are more frequently used by authors than the other two types of appeal (appeal to topicality and appeal to magnitude). The data also reveal that, although not significant, the journal ranking correlates with the frequency of appeals used in the introductions. It is suggested that authors in Applied Linguistics should use multiple types of appeals in their introduction to attract readers’ attention to their research topic so that they are willing to read the entire article.

The proposed paper presents the methodology of frame modelling for substantiating the phenomena of cognitive consonance and cognitive dissonance as the determining factors of Ukrainian retranslations of Shakespeare’s plays. By postulating the hypothesis that plurality in translation of the original text depends on the cognitive consonance or cognitive dissonance between the author and the translator, the author of the paper tends to extrapolate the concepts of cognitive consonance and cognitive dissonance to translation studies. Structuring the frame of the conceptual content of the lexical unit in the original text and its Ukrainian retranslations into such slots as reference, emotivity, imagery, evaluation, and stylistic colouring, the author of the paper tries to cover the most noticeable aspects of cognitive parameters of the translated text. It is argued that not only because of the difference in historical and cultural contexts, in which the original text and its retranslations are created, social and ideological peculiarities of the societies but also due to the translators’ personal worldviews, the translators can agree or disagree with the author’s ideas under the influence of cognitive consonance or cognitive dissonance and thus produce different translations. The research proves that different degrees of cognitive proximity between the lexical units in the original text and its Ukrainian retranslations are caused by consonance or dissonance between the cognitions of the author and translator/s. The highest degree of cognitive proximity of the original text and its retranslations is determined by cognitive consonance resulting in cognitive equivalents and/or cognitive analogues in translation; the lowest degree of cognitive proximity appears under the influence of cognitive dissonance resulting in cognitive variants.

Translators might face difficulties when working on legal texts due to their intricate features, such as nominalisation. The abstract nature of such structures could have a negative effect on text comprehension, as nominalisations are usually harder to process than verbs. In pursuit of making European Union (EU) documents more translator-friendly, the European Commission invites authors to communicate clearly, advising against the use of nominalisations. For this reason, a closer look at the current nominalisation patterns in English and Lithuanian EU legal documents is taken. The aim of the paper is to determine and compare the verb-based action and process nominalisations and their equivalent structures in English and Lithuanian EU legal documents, considering the impact of equivalent choices on the text. The focus is placed on verb-based action and process nominalisations derived by suffixation. Considering English and Lithuanian nominalisations, their equivalent structures are commonly expressed as nominalisations. The expression of nominalisations as nouns, as well as adjective-based nominalisations, is characteristic only to the Lithuanian language. The expression as an adverb, a prepositional structure or a pronoun is characteristic only to the English language. The analysis reveals that the verb-based action and process nominalisations might help follow the flow of information and emphasise key concepts. However, if the morphological properties were changed, repetition could be avoided, the dynamic properties of the text could be strengthened, or comprehension could be facilitated, which is essential for an effective translation process.

Der vorliegende Beitrag bezieht sich auf eine Studie mit dem Ziel, das Translationsverfahren der deutschen Realienbezeichnungen und kulturgebundenen Inhalte am Beispiel der audiovisuellen Texte der Deutschen Welle und der Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, die im DaF-Unterricht als Lehrmaterialien zum landeskundlichen Thema Deutsche Geschichte: 30 Jahre Mauerfall verwendet worden sind, zu analysieren. Die Realienbezeichnungen, die bestimmte Konzepte in der Zeit der Berliner Mauer im geteilten Deutschland verbalisierten, sind kennzeichnende Elemente des deutschen Sprachsystems mit spezifischen formalen und semantischen Eigenschaften. In diesem Beitrag wird darauf eingegangen, wie die konzeptuelle Ebene MAUERFALL durch diese kulturbedingten sprachlichen Einheiten im deutschen Weltbild repräsentiert wird. Es konnte festgestellt werden, welche strukturell-semantischen Merkmale diese Realienbezeichnungen haben und wie sie sich in Bezug auf Objekte, die nationale Zugehörigkeit, das temporale Merkmal, die Herkunft und die Struktur klassifizieren lassen. Die Translationsverfahren der analysierten Realienbezeichnungen werden ausführlich beschrieben. Aus der Untersuchung geht hervor, dass die häufigsten Translationsverfahren der ausgewählten Realienbezeichnungen sind: 1) Lexementlehnung + erklärende, kommentierende Übersetzung, 2) Lehnübersetzung + erklärende, kommentierende Übersetzung, 3) Dekodierung + Bildung neuer Akronyme + Hinzufügung und 4) Lehnübersetzung.