In the control system regulatory concept, placing closed loop poles too far from the origin in the stability region produces fast regulation time but requires huge forcing energy as a trade-off. As such, stabilizing an unstable system with minimum energy is needed, though this presents a challenge to the designer. At the design phase, the designer may ponder the optimized energy while compromising the possibility of catastrophic stabilization phenomena due to minimal forcing thrust towards the poles. In this manuscript, a simple Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) is proposed as an alternative to full state feedback (FSF) with judicious pole placement. The efficacy of both approaches was observed by exploiting a Rotary Inverted Pendulum (RIP) as a testbed. Beforehand, the RIP system dynamics were developed in the time domain. RIP is an under-actuated mechanical system that is inherently nonlinear and unstable. The main control objectives of RIP are swing-up control, stabilization control, switching control, and trajectory control. The methodology involved the appearance of weighted matrices that were necessary for the minimum cost function. The Riccati and Lyapunov criteria are also exploited to facilitate design. The result shows the comparative transient performances of the two approaches, where the LQR outperforms the FSF in many aspects.

In this study, durian shell-based activated carbon (DAC) was produced via chemical activation method by utilising durian shell and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) as the starting material and activating agent, respectively. The incorporation of H2SO4 in the DAC production process resulted an improvement in the surface properties and adsorption capacity of the produced DAC adsorbent. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis further showed that the produced DAC possessed a porous structure which was beneficial for dye adsorption application. Under operating conditions of 500°C and 3 hours carbonisation temperature and time, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, total pore volume and BET average pore diameter were measured to be 242.03 m2/g, 0.028 cm3/g and 2.28 nm, respectively. The adsorption performance of the produced DAC was then investigated using methylene blue (MB) as the model adsorbate. The optimum MB dye removal and adsorption capacity were found to be 92.05% and 0.767 mg/g, respectively, with 0.6 g of DAC dosage, 10 ppm of initial MB dye concentration and 15 min of contact time.

The development of scalable membrane-based separation processes has attracted considerable interest on laboratory and industrial scales. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is one of the most widely used fluoropolymer materials for membrane fabrication due to its excellent mechanical strength, good thermal stability and chemical resistance as well as aging resistance. However, the hydrophobic nature of PVDF has resulted in serious membrane fouling during the filtration process. From the past decade, the embedment of hydrophilic materials in/on PVDF-based membranes can significantly alter the membrane’s morphology and surface properties. Therefore, based on most articles retrieved from Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, etc., this article provides the overview of the recent development of PVDF-based membranes during the recent several decades. The detailed information regarding PVDF as a polymer material as well as the main challenge in the development of PVDF-based membranes with better performance was summarised. Moreover, the factors influencing membrane fouling including surface hydrophilicity, roughness and charge are also addressed. Then, the PVDF-based membrane preparation and its recent modification via the blending method were discussed. Finally, the overview and future perspective of PVDF-based membrane development are reviewed. Overall, it can be concluded that PVDF-based membranes have great potential for further advances towards the development of membrane technologies for the future.

One of the main factors contributing to climate change and global warming is architecture, which accountsfor about 50% of the country's greenhouse emissions due to construction and the energy needed to keep buildings operational. Sustainable architecture is believed to reduce emissions, andthisapproach has been practisedwithtraditional buildings. In Malaysia, a traditional Malay house (TMH) is one of thetraditional buildings, and it is initially naturally ventilated with occupant-controlled air ventilation to condition the space. Numerous experimental studies claimed that TMHhas demonstrated a good model for contemporary designers to understand climatic and environmental design, building systems, and design adaptability.One of the approaches is to practiseclimatic design strategies. However, there is a lack of study to determine if TMH is still relevant as a sustainable design that can adapt to current climate conditions. Thus, the study aims to investigate the adaptive indoor thermal comfort of a Negeri Sembilan Malay house in a hot-humid climate determinedby the correlation betweenclimatic design strategy and thermal data analysis. This study employed the Predictive Adaptivemodel by executing two stages of fieldwork: i) local climate background and ii) physical measurement (case study description and environmental data). The data were thenanalysed using the ACS of ASHRAE 55 and MS 2680:2017. The primary results revealed that 62% of the hourly indooroperative temperatureof the case study house waswithin 80 to 90 % of the acceptability limit. The optimal comfort hourly indooroperative temperaturewasbetween25.5 to 29.5 °C with a prevailing mean outdoor air temperaturebetween23 to 30 °C, which represents 90% of the acceptability limitrange. Moreover, the results also complied with the standards of ACS, where the average hourly indooroperative temperature was less than 31 °C,with a prevailing mean outdoor air temperatureless than32 °C, which wasan acceptable indoor state for occupants' comfort. The findingscompliedwith RMK 12 Theme 3, which aims to be a carbon-neutral country by practising sustainable architecture and construction. The design of naturally ventilated houses, such as Negeri Sembilan Malay houses in hot-humid climates, can be a model reference for modern housing design development.

This research discusses employability skills 4.0 for the university students' readiness in work-based learning. This research explored relevant employability skills 4.0 for university students' readiness in the work-based learning program. The survey questionnaire consisted of 65 items developed to study the student's readiness to acquire these skills in a work-based learning program. This research obtained 633 respondents from five Malaysian research universities. The association between employability skills and students' readiness for work-based learning was analysed using the PLS-SEM model of SMART-PLS software. Using measurement and structural model analysis, the PLS-SEM found six employability skills communication skills, interpersonal skills,IT skills, problem-solving skills, entrepreneurship skills, and self-management skills. From this analysis, the student's readiness employability 4.0 for the university students' readiness in work-based learning has developed. Further research can exploremore significant respondents from public or private universities, including postgraduate students in the survey.

Digital learning can finally help students in the teaching and learning process. It became necessity due to the global crisis of the pandemic COVID-19. Lecturers have no choice but to provide excellent education online, including technical and vocational education and training (TVET). TVET face-to-face teaching is more practical than online teaching. A preliminary study was conducted to look at the need for a framework in digital learning on TVET in Public University, Malaysia. The instrument used in this study was an online questionnaire (Google Form) that was emailed to lecturers. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26.0. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed in the form of mean and percentage scores. A total of 51 lecturers answered this questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of the demographic respondent, lecturers’ knowledge of online teaching and learning, lecturers’ knowledge of digital learning, faculty readiness, and infrastructure needs in educational institutions. The finding is that lecturers' knowledge of online teaching and learning is moderate, lecturers' knowledge of digital learning is high, faculty readiness is high, and infrastructure needs are high. The findings could be used by the higher education stakeholders for developing a framework in TVET digital learning in nurturing the creation of high quality and effective online teaching and learning content.

The objective of this paper is to substantiate the system of vocational education and training (VET) of fashion designers and technologists to perform computer modeling and design of the clothes. The use of the developed system of training specialists in fashion design, which provides for the use of CAD systems, contributes to the formation of readiness of future fashion designers to use specialized software in their professional activities. To increase the efficiency of VET, we used the following types of learning activities: development of creative collage, development of artistic sketches of clothes, design of templates for different sizes, use of programs for the 3D design of the clothes. A feature of this study is the selection of the software used in the design of the clothes, namely GraziaCAD and JULIVI CAD. The effectiveness of these types of tasks is confirmed by an experiment, in which 80 students from Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design took part (CG 44 students, EG 36 students). Comparing the results of incoming and outgoing control of the level of students’ readiness, a decrease in the number of students with a low level of readiness for the use of ICT in the professional activities was noted: from 22.7 % to 11.4 % in CG and from 22.2 % to 5.6 % in EG. At the same time, the percentage of students with a high level of readiness increased in both groups: from 29.5 % to 38.6 % in CG and from 25.0 % to 66.7 % in EG. Also, it should be noted that the biggest changes in the number of students with a high level of knowledge took place in EG. This, with 95% reliability according to Pearson's criterion, means that the experimental educational program led to a significant increase in the level of readiness for the use of ICT in the EG, in comparison with the CG. This confirms the effectiveness of the proposed educational program. The results of the study confirm the effectiveness of the generally accepted international practice of using the digital design in VET in the field of fashion design and technologies.

Nanotechnology has recently been applied in various branches of research, including pavement engineering, because the materials it offers are promising and improving. The process of modifying asphalt binder has developed gradually, and now many kinds of nanomaterials are used. In this study, a flake-structured nano zinc oxide was used as an asphalt binder modifier. At 3%, 5%, and 7%, respectively, of penetration grade 60/70 asphalt binder, the nano modifiers were added. Physical properties of the modified asphalt binders were then examined, including storage stability, penetration, softening point, and viscosity. Meanwhile, the chemical property was determined using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. It was discovered that 3% nano zinc oxide produced the best results. Nano zinc oxide was found not to show separation at high temperatures in a storage stability test. The addition of nano zinc oxide to the asphalt binder also reduced the penetration, increased the softening point, and reduced the viscosity. The high penetration index value also indicates that the asphalt binder treated with nano zinc oxide is thermally resistant.

In recent decades, restructuring has cut across all probable domains, involving the power supply industry. The restructuring has brought about considerable changes whereby electricity is now a commodity and has become a deregulated one. These competitive markets have paved the way for countless entrants. This has caused overload and congestion on transmission lines. In addition, the open access transmission network has created a more intensified congestion issue. Therefore, congestion management on power systems is relevant and central significance to the power industry. This manuscript reviews few congestion management techniques, consists of Reprogramming Generation (GR), Load Shedding, Optimal Distributed Generation (DG) Location, Nodal Pricing, Free Methods, Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Fuzzy Logic System Method, as well as Additional Renewable Energy Sources. In this manuscript a review work is performed to unite the entire publications on congestion management.

Improving model accuracy is one of the most frequently addressed issues in bankruptcy prediction. Several previous studies employed artificial neural networks (ANNs) to enhancethe accuracy at which construction company bankruptcy can be predicted. However, most of these studies use the sample-matching technique and available company quarters or company years in the dataset, resulting in sample selection biases and between-class imbalances. This study integrates a back propagation neural network (BPNN) withthe synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) and the use of all of the available company-year samples during the sample period to enhancethe accuracy at which bankruptcy in construction companies can be predicted. In addition to eliminating sample selection biases during the sample matching and between-class imbalance, these methods also achieve the high accuracy rates. Furthermore, the approach used in this study shows optimal over-sampling times, neurons of the hidden layer, and learning rate,all of which are major parameters in the BPNN and SMOTE-BPNN models. The traditional BPNN model isbroughtas a benchmark for evaluating the predictive abilities of the SMOTE-BPNN model. The experientialresults of this paper indicatethat the SMOTE-BPNN model outperforms the traditional BPNN.

The increasing trendof constructing componentsmade of composite laminates is due tothe flexibility intailoring their properties and high strength-to-weight ratio. Nevertheless, most practical components involve cutout features for fastening and these cutouts could significantly reduce the strength of the laminate. Due to its importance, many studies were conducted to study the effect of circular cutouts however, there is lack of information regarding the effect of various cutout shapes. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the compressive failure behaviour of Kevlar Epoxy and Glass Epoxy composite laminates due to different cutout shapes and sizes with variation in fiber orientations. Finite element software, ANSYS were used to simulate the deformation and failure behaviour of the laminates under compressive load. Prior to that, mesh convergence analysis and numerical validation were performed. Failure analysis was conducted for various cutout shapes (square cutout, diamond cutout, and circular) and size, based on Maximum Stress Theory. The results show that the existence of the cutouts on the composite laminates have reduced up to ten times the strength of the laminated composite plates. This information regarding the failure behaviour is important when designing components made of composite laminates under compression.

Skills mismatch or skill gap is a long-standing issue whereby the levels and types of the existing skills do not meet the needs of the job market. With no exception, this issue also become one of the challenges that facing by Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). If this issue prolongs, it will lead to graduate unemployment, specifically in TVET. Therefore, this study aims to identify the occupational skills (including both soft and hard skills) that are perceived as important by those in public Higher Education Institutions (HEI) and the electrical and electronic (E&E) industry which represent the manufacturing industry. A total of 58 academicians from public HEI and 55 industry players from the E&E industry in Malaysia were chosen purposively. These academicians and industry players were selected as they are having experience in occupational skill and training in their respective institutions and industries. Questionnaires were distributed online to these targeted respondents. The results revealed that there are skills gaps in terms of both soft and hard skills, which all skills are skills related to the career in E&E industry. The outcomes of this study should enable the Ministry of Higher Education, mainly in TVET to devise strategies to improve graduate employability. They might also serve as additional evidence for the occurrence of skills mismatch.

This paper targets the surface roughness concept in end milling in which the tool-work material combination is central to its success. At present, sufficientoptimal surface roughness information is repeatedly not accessible to CNC end milling operators and this problem is anticipated to grow worse in the forthcomingyears. Consequently, the unique development and validation of optimisation tools are interventions to tackle access to optimal roughness information problems. This paper examined two novel models, the combined artificial neural network and bat algorithm as well as joint artificial neural network and particle swarm optimisation to predict and optimise the process parameters of an end milling scheme. Both models were tested with literature data. Additionally, the work investigates machining time and introduces a bi-objective fuzzy goal programming optimisation model. The striking results revealed the optimal values as 0.8816 and 0.8088 for the particle swarm optimisation procedurewhile the bat procedureyielded 0.275 and 0.178, which places the bat procedureahead of the counterpart, particle swarm optimization procedure.

Radar is a system that can analyze object detection that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle or velocity of the object. The passive radar system consists of both transmitters, to generate microwaves domain and produce the electromagnetic waves for radio system, and the receiver, to receive and process the data obtain from the transmitter signal to determine the Doppler signature of the objects that can be used to detect any presence of drone, aircraft and guided missiles that pass through the system between the transmitter and receiver. The objective of this study was mainly to detect drones, which can be liken to a situation where an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is used, and the drone is mainly used by humans to enter or trespass private and secured zone. Besides that, this study can help improve the security at Malaysian borders or at important events, such as during the latest Malaysian 14th General Election, where man flew a drone during the nomination process. The detection can be done by differentiating the size of the drone and prototype, with a focus on the dimension. In this study, we used passive forward scattering radar for drone detection to get the Doppler signature. The Doppler signature is produced when the antenna detects the presence of the drone passing between the transmitter and receiver. The transmitter produces a power signal that transmits a frequency of Long-Term Evolution (LTE), and in this study, the frequencies used were 1.8 GHz and 2.6 GHz. The 1.8 GHz signal provided better quality compared to 2.6 GHz because it has wider and better network coverage known as 4G LTE as introduced by Maxis provider. Furthermore, all of the data collected was processed and analyzed using MATLAB software to classify drone and prototype signatures through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results. For future contribution of this project, it can be used at the airport to detect any unwanted drones trespassing the flight departure area, and important areas such as the Federal Administrative Centre of Malaysia, Putrajaya for spying purposes.

The power train efficiency of fuel cell vehicles (FCV) can be enhanced by improving the hydrogen energy utilization. Based on a mini FCV running on a 2 kW open-cathode Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell, a waste heat recovery system design needs to be developed as an approach towards higher energy efficiency. The novelty of the system is on the integration of thermoelectric generator technology with hydrogen preheating process for a combined heat and power output. This manuscript presents the proposed integrated heat regenerator (IHR) designs, analysed using numerical computational modelling. Three IHR designs were proposed where the main design criteria are (i) a minimum of 10oC hydrogen preheating degree, and (ii) non-parasitic active cooling for the Thermoelectric generator (TEG) cells. Three design concepts were studied to identify its design and performance limitations. The numerical results were validated with theoretical modelling analysis for hydrogen exit temperatures and TEG surface temperatures. The analysis on predicted fuel cell power enhancement, TEG power generation and waste heat utilization were performed by relating the temperature profiles of the hydrogen reactant and TEG surfaces to fuel cell reaction models and TEG power relationships. A compact IHR design that produced 7.7 to 8 % total power enhancement and suitable in size for a mini FCV was identified for future development works

Point of care testing (POCT) as part of diseases and health monitoring will be very beneficial in resource constrained areas with minimum healthcare expert and power requirement. Elimination of external power source in testing device brought the idea of self-powered infusion micropump. This research aimed to fabricate and investigate the pumping capability of non-mechanical self-powered infusion micropump under the effect of different porous materials. The self-power infusion micropump was successfully fabricated with Xurography and thermal-lamination techniques. The average percentage difference between the measured dimensions of micropump with actual design was 2.30 %. Sandwich layers configuration of the micropump which consisted of PVC sheet and laminating plastic pouch was successfully fabricated and proven to have a leak-proof micropump. Micropump’s flow rate of 0.89, 3.62, and 0.84 μL/min were obtained under the effect of porous material ashless grade Whatman filter paper number W40, W41 and W42 respectively. These flow rate values were influenced by filtration speed as per porous material specifications.

Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that cause climate change, thus the effort for reducing the concentration of CO2 necessary, for example through the conversion of CO2. The conversion of CO2 into methanol plays important role, because in addition to reducing greenhouse gas, it is also creating a future energy carrier needed in fuel cell technology. One of the CO2 conversion methods is the electrolysis method using MEA. The electrochemical CO2 conversion in this study used a Cu2O-ZnO/C composite catalyst made by milling methods at various milling times, as well as the effect of PCA utilization. The catalysts were characterized using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and SEM-EDX analysis. The results of PSA and BET characterization showed that the longer the milling time, the smaller the particle size and the higher the relative surface area. The use of PCA increased the unoxidized Cu content as indicated by the SEM-EDX results. Based on the results of CV analysis, the catalyst that has the largest ECSA (Electrochemical surface area) value is the catalyst milled using PCA and the milling time is three hours.

Perovskite-structured La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-δ (LSCF) is a promising mixed ionic/electronic-conducting material that exhibits excellent electro-catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions. LSCF offers potential applications in many processes, such as electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), oxygen sensors, and dense membrane for oxygen separation and thus have been studied extensively in various fields. However, its physical and electrochemical properties are substantially influenced by dopant concentration, dopant type and processing conditions (synthesis methods, composite cathode effect, fabrication conditions, and chromium poisoning). Understanding and correlating the effect of LSCF composition, its synthesis methods, fabrication conditions, and its parameters are essential to enhance the performance of LSCF cathode for high- to- intermediate temperature SOFC applications. This review emphasizes the importance of enhancing the performance of LSCF cathode by optimizing the influential factors to facilitate and expedite research and development efforts for SOFC commercialization in the near future. Various synthesis and fabrication methods used to prepare and fabricate LSCF and LSCF-based composite cathodes are discussed in detail. Moreover, their pros and cons in optimizing the microstructure of LSCF cathodes are highlighted. Finally, the strategies to improve the long-term microstructural stability and electrochemical performances of the LSCF cathode are discussed.

Over the past few decades, there has been a growing interest in passive design strategies in the built environment, such as daylight. Using sunlight as the source, passive daylighting aims to provide effective natural lighting into the building while retaining maximum visual comfort without using mechanical equipment. Various research has shown the benefits of the natural environment to aid in human recovery, including daylighting. The majority of the biophilic design studies focused on workplace and healthcare environments such as hospital design. While biophilic architecture brings the meaning of nature to the internal environment, the positive effects of this biophilia are particularly concerned on healthcare facilities as it puts an element of extreme pressure on the space. This paper aims to understand the relationship between the patients and staffs’ experiences of their physical environment, specifically addressing the use of daylighting as aiding the recovery of patients and restorative impact for the users. This paper investigates the effects of daylighting in the inpatient ward at Seri Manjung Hospital through a set of questionnaires distributed to the 50 respondents of male and female users aged18 and above. This inpatient ward space is built with windows and utilising natural lighting during the day.The participants were asked to share their experience on the lighting conditions in the ward space and the impact on their health and recovery. The outcome of this study has shown that passive daylighting technique and biophilic design in inpatient wards help to increase users' connectivity with nature, improve physical and psychological well-being and accelerate the recovery process. Consequently, incorporating passive daylighting and biophilic design in a healthcare setting will shift the hospital's design to be more sustainable and responsive to the environment

The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the amount of plastic waste. The demand for food and plastic-packaged foodstuffs has increased, and the use of disposable utensils has increased. The large usage of plastic packaging was the main factor which contributed to the plastic waste disposal. Since these plastic wastes are not easily degraded, it has led into massive environmental pollution. Transitioning towards eco-friendly materials fornewsustainabletechnologieswillbecriticaltocombatingfuturepandemicsandreducetheplasticwaste.Hence, recycling of plastic waste and its re-utilization as green and eco-friendly construction material could decrease the tendency of environmental pollution. In this review paper, we have presented an overview of the published articles which recycled plastic waste as an eco-friendly aggregate material for different construction-based applications before COVID 19 and during COVID 19. Furthermore, the processing methods which were suggested in the published articles for recycling plastic waste have been discussed. A few construction materials could be developed by utilizing the plastic wastes, including the polymer-modified asphalt mixes, eco-bricks, and construction and demolitionmaterials.Theseproductscouldbeusedasnovelproductsfor othersustainableapplicationsandbenefits of circular economy. According to several reports, polymeric based plastic wastes can be effectively used as a recycledmaterial,decrease the demand for traditional material sandal so tremendously reduce the construction costs.

Smart farming is the practice of intelligent agricultural management based on technological data gathered from farm practice for the purpose of increased levels of quality, production and environmental protection. The Internet of Things (IoT) technology is revolutionized in various aspects of agriculture around the world and its application found success in some countries. In this paper, a non-invasive and non-contact estrus detection system integrated IoT technology to improve the detection efficiency of standing-heat behaviors of cows is proposed. The outcome of this study will improve the farm’s management practices through the integration of IoT technology that can remotely monitor the activities of the cows and provide data for analysis and evaluation, will increase the likelihood of future estrus instances for every correct prediction, and will improve the fertility and milk production rates of the cows. Such benefits can contribute to the growth and development of the dairy cattle industry in the Philippines. This study also shows the application of IoT in improving the detection efficiency of standing-heat behaviors of cows through automated detection using Pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras and a Python-driven Web Application. The dimensions of the barn are measured, and the Cameras' Field of Views (FOVs) is pre-calculated for the strategic positions of the cameras atop of the cowshed. The program detects the cows and any estrus events through the surveillance cameras. The result is sent to the cloud server to display on the web application for analysis. The web app allows updates on cow information, inseminations, pregnancy, and calving records, estimate travel time from the user's geolocation to the farm, provide live monitoring and remote camera accessibility and control through the cameras and deliver reliable cross-platform push-notification and call alerts on the user's device(s) whenever an estrus event is detected. The system initially and correctly detected 4 standing-heat signs, but with 2 false predictions and identifications leading to 2 “True Positive” and 2 “False Positive” results, attaining a 50% detection efficiency. Based on the results, the program performed satisfactorily at 50% detection efficiency.

Over time, the rate of road accidents is increasing day by day. Eventhough with various advancements, the developing countries are still struggling to eliminate this issue. One such possible solution could be adopting the advanced automated tools for the road accident data collection systems, based on which the policymakers can adopt the necessary strategies to avoid the accidents. In this manner, a review has been conducted where a comparison of road accident data collection systems was made between developing and the developed countries. It was observed that to establish a standardized system for road accident prevention, records from prior accidents play a key role in the evaluation and prediction of the accident, damage, and consequences. Moreover, the manual and digital approaches of data collection were highlighted, which revealed that digital approaches are reliable and time saving for data gathering and its compilation. This comparison is beneficial in terms of future developments in developing countries and the developed countries can act as a role model and their strategies can be implemented to reduce the accidents.

An attempt has been taken to design parabolic trough and Fresnel mirror solar concentrator with the purpose of optimizing the output power of a photovoltaic system for both bright sunny day and cloudy day by using a 72-cell 5W photovoltaic solar panel. The PV system's efficiency has been analyzed in terms of output voltage, current, and power of the solar panel. Accordingly, to our expectation, we observed that on a bright sunny day, the output power improvement of the solar panel is 26.81% for the parabolic trough and 17.89% for the Fresnel mirror concentrator. On a cloudy day, both concentrators improve output power by 22.3% and 14.1%, respectively. In terms of power optimization of a photovoltaic system, the following has been discerned: a solar photovoltaic concentrator system with a parabolic trough is much more effective than one with a Fresnel mirror.