Найдено 121
Ничего не найдено
Development of the Implicit Association Test for Autonomous Self-Esteem for Lower Grade Children using emoticon stimuli
Noguchi D., Yokoshima T., Yamasaki K.
References to emotional words in criminal sentencings
Mukai T., Yuyama Y., Arai S., Matsuki Y., Sadamura M., Koizumi R.
Development of self-criticism and self-reassurance questionnaire for youth
Ishizu K., Ishizaki Y., Kashimura M., Saito H., Sato S.
Testing the three-way interaction effect of intrinsic alertness, orienting, and executive function on social anxiety
Matsumoto M., Ogata A.
Lower executive attention is expected to be associated with higher social anxiety. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent results. This study examines how the interaction of intrinsic alertness, orienting, and executive attention are associated with social anxiety. A total of 100 participants completed the Attention Network Test and Japanese version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. The results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed the three-way interaction effect of intrinsic alertness, orienting, and executive attention on social anxiety. Lower executive attention was associated with higher social anxiety when intrinsic alertness was at a high level and orienting was at a low level. These results indicate that when examining the relationship between executive attention and social anxiety, we need to consider intrinsic alertness and orienting.
The relationship between heart rate and the experimentally induced feelings of schadenfreude and envy
Kariya M., Himichi T., Mifune N.
People sometimes envy another individual with desirable traits, and even experience positive emotions when observing the person suffering misfortune. Schadenfreude is the social emotion experienced when others are in an unfortunate situation without one's hand in it. The psychological and neurological mechanisms of schadenfreude have been investigated, but its relationship with the autonomic nervous system response has not. The current study (N=21 undergraduate students), thus, investigated the relationship between envy, schadenfreude, and heart rate. While self-reported measurements indicated that participants indeed experienced envy and schadenfreude, they were not correlated with heart rate.
Sensitiveness of gratitude to benefactors’ immorality: Registered conceptual replication on Yu et al. (2022)
Yamamoto A., Misawa Y., Suzuki R., Tomizawa M., Ueda A., Uesaka C., Higuchi M.
According to Yu et al. (2022, Study 2), beneficiaries are less likely to feel grateful toward benefactors who exhibit immoral behavior, indicating that gratitude is morally sensitive. As a preregistered conceptual replication study, the present study aimed to examine which specific immoral attribute of benefactors would weaken beneficiaries' gratitude. The participants of this study were presented with a vignette, in which the benefactors offered to introduce a doctor to them who could help with their physical problems. Referring to moral foundation theory, we randomly assigned one of six moral traits of benefactors: immoral with respect to care, fairness, loyalty, authority, purity, or morally neutral. Preregistered analyses revealed that beneficiaries felt less grateful toward benefactors who were immoral with respect to loyalty and purity. Furthermore, immorality in those two moral foundations weakened beneficiaries' other appraisals that were consistent with the findings of the original study, while immoral benefactors with respect to care significantly affected neither these appraisals nor gratitude. Results suggest that one should carefully discern the influence of certain kinds of immorality on gratitude.
A research overview on music performance anxiety
Yoshie M., Morijiri Y.
Music performance anxiety (MPA) is a form of social anxiety elicited during public music performances. MPA is a severe and frequent problem for both amateur and professional musicians. Here, we overview previous literature that investigated the mental, physiological, and behavioral symptoms of MPA. So far, surveys using questionnaires to measure the three levels of MPA symptoms have clarified situational and psychological factors affecting MPA, and its relationship with performance quality. Physiological measurements during music performances have shown that MPA is associated with physiological stress responses mediated by the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis. Furthermore, measurements of electromyographic activity have demonstrated that MPA is associated with increased levels of muscle activity and co-contraction of antagonistic muscles in the upper extremity. These changes in muscle activity disrupt musicians' fine motor control, which can ultimately impair performance quality. We conclude that MPA research can contribute to better understanding of the interactions between emotion and various psychological processes including memory and motor control.
Application of Japanese Short Form Multidimensional School Anger Inventory to middle elementary school students
Ishida W., Inada N., Terasaka A., Shimoda Y., Kuroyama R., Yun S., Yotsutsuji S.
The Multidimensional School Anger Scale is a multidimensional evaluation scale for school anger, and its shortened Japanese version (JS-MSAI) has been developed in Japan. The target population is the 5th grade elementary school students to 2nd grade high school students. Considering that the number of violent acts in elementary schools is increasing year by year, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of feelings of anger in younger children as well. The purpose of this study is to examine the reliability and validity of a shortened version of the multidimensional scale of school anger in middle grades (3 and 4), and to examine the characteristics of their anger by comparing it with those in upper grades (5 and 6). A questionnaire survey was administered to 582 3rd and 4th graders and 525 5th and 6th graders in seven public elementary schools in Japan, and the reliability and validity of the JS-MSAI were examined. The analysis showed that the JS-MSAI has a certain degree of reliability and validity, although the alpha coefficient for "positive coping" is lower than the other subscales.
The effect of “being moved to tears” statements on impression formation
Kato J., Shirai M.
This study examined people's impressions of individuals who are emotionally moved and crying. Participants were required to read behavioral descriptions of a person and indicate their impression rating and intention to approach him. The descriptions outlined the person's activities on a given day and were largely neutral, but with two patterns of sentence endings. Participants read only one description with either of the two endings. In the given behavioral description, a person had seen a movie about love and was either moved to tears or merely thought that it was a good story. The results revealed that the experimental manipulation and the value orientation of love did not affect impression ratings. However, participants with a higher value orientation had a higher intention to have a close relationship with the person who was moved and cried than those with a lower value orientation. These results suggest that people with similar orientations toward a value tend to want close relationships with those who are moved and cry regarding the same value.
Development of abilities to experience, anticipate, and use regret
Komiya A., Mizokawa A., Goto T.
The present study investigated how ability to experience, anticipate, and use regret developmentally change through life. Although two lines of research, child developmental research and aging research, have investigated how regret develops, there are few studies that can bridge their findings. The present study examines the development of regret, focusing on (i) emotional and cognitive components and (ii) experience and anticipation processes, and (iii) behavioral consequences of regret. After reading a vignette in which people would feel regret, participants, aged 15 to 86 years, answered questions about their anticipated feelings, experienced emotional and cognitive regret, and behavioral responses. Results showed that whereas older people were less likely than younger people to produce counterfactuals (cognitive element), there was no age difference in the emotional element of experienced regret, anticipated regret, and behavioral improvement following regret. Additionally, older people were more likely than younger people to avoid feedback, which could lead to regret. The influence of age on regret and its functions are discussed.
Changing implicit valence by positive biased retelling
Sato K., Suzuki H., Ogawa S.
The present study examined whether positive biased retelling changes one’s implicit valence. Participants completed the Go/No-go Association Task (GNAT) to measure their implicit valence toward entrance examinations, before and after story retelling session. In the session, the participants in the biased retelling condition (n＝37) talked about their experiences preparing for university entrance examination as “happy” experiences, and the participants in the unbiased retelling condition (n＝36) talked about their actual experiences. After the session, implicit valence became positive in the biased retelling group, whereas it did not change in the unbiased retelling group. The result shows that implicit valence may be changed by biased retelling.
Empathy in rodents
Sato N.
Empathy is considered to be crucial not only for having a good interpersonal relationship in a daily life but also for comprehending our human society. Empathy in rodents is one of recent hot topics in the field of experimental psychology and neuroscience. This article provides a brief overview of the recent studies of emotional contagion and prosocial behavior in rodents, with a particular interest in its methodological aspect. Additionally, the article also introduces recent studies that investigate the neural mechanisms underlying these processes. Finally, I briefly discuss the significance of using rodents in research of an empathic process as well as more general mental processes.
The effect of real-name reporting of specified juveniles on sentencing
Mukai T., Sadamura M., Yuyama Y., Matsuki Y., Watamura E.
According to the 2021 amendment of the Juvenile Law in Japan, the ban on real-name reporting of “specified juveniles” (18- and 19-year-olds) was lifted in principle. In this context, the current study addressed the following research questions: 1) how real-name reporting of specified juveniles affects sentencing, and 2) if empathy mediates the relationship between real-name reporting and sentencing. These questions were investigated by ANOVA and mediation analysis using two crime types (forcible sexual intercourse and damage to property). Results from 944 respondents revealed the following: 1) when a vignette was read in a case regarding forcible sexual intercourse with the real name of a defendant (specified juvenile), a longer sentence was recommended than when a defendant’s real name was not reported, and 2) the indirect effect of real-name reporting on sentencing via empathy was not significant. We discuss practical implications and future research directions with special focus on the former.
Explicit and implicit measures of emotion
Inagaki T.
This article summarizes the differences between self-reported and non-self-reported methods for measuring emotions. It also provides an overview of previous studies that examine the indexes related to these methods, mainly in the field of affective trait research. Finally, the article discusses the application of explicit and implicit measures. The main arguments of this article are as follows: (1) There is no superiority or inferiority between explicit and implicit measures, such that one is superior to the other or one could be used as a substitute for the other. (2) Explicit and implicit measures have advantages and disadvantages and should be used with an understanding of their respective characteristics.
The concept of urami and the situations in which they feel urami
Suzuki T.
The purpose of this study was to examine the concept of urami and the characteristics of the situations in which they feel urami, using a text mining analysis. 596 subjects aged 20 to 39 who have felt urami were surveyed in this study. The results showed that in addition to anger and hatred, psychological distress such as sadness and pain were also associated with the concept of urami. Furthermore, it was shown that harassment in the workplace is a trigger for feeling urami. Finally, the limitations of this study and prospects for future research were discussed.
Effects of zero-sum belief on gratitude in apologetic form represented by “sumimasen”
Yamamoto A., Irie H., Oishi Y., Uesugi Y., Higuchi M.
Zero-sum belief is the belief that someone’s gains are another’s losses. Assuming that beneficiaries’ zero-sum beliefs let them perceive benefactors’ cost resulting from giving benefits, this study examined whether the zero-sum belief increases the occurrences of grateful feelings and expression in apologetic form, which is represented by “sumimasen” in Japanese. We manipulated participants’ zero-sum beliefs and rewarded them for the task. Thereafter, we asked participants what they wanted to say, how they felt, and how much they perceived our (i.e., benefactors’) cost. The results revealed that participants whose zero-sum beliefs were experimentally strengthened were inclined to select the grateful expression in apologetic form from some options to convey what they wanted to say, though grateful feelings in apologetic form and perceived costs were not significantly affected. These results suggested the possibility that individuals’ zero-sum beliefs let them express their gratitude in apologetic form independently from the extent to which they have such feelings or perceive benefactors’ cost.
The developmental origins of third-party punishment
Kanakogi Y.
Third-party punishment refers to an individual’s disposition to punish wrongdoers who have not directly harmed them. It appears to be unique to humans and culturally universal. Although this behavioral tendency in adults has been well documented, its ontogeny remains unresolved and controversial. In this review, I present an overview of the developmental literature on third-party intervention or punishment to provide insights into its early ontogeny. First, I review studies that show preschoolers and older children to be agents who punish wrongdoers even when it is costly to do so. I then consider studies of young children as assessors who expect wrongdoers to be punished and positively evaluate those who do so. Next, I present recent studies of preverbal infants to demonstrate two important aspects of third-party punishment: punishment assessors and punitive agents. Finally, I discuss open issues and future directions for understanding third-party punishment in early ontogeny.
Affective experience involved in ijiri as compared with teasing and bullying
Sawaumi T., Mochizuki M., Takizawa J., Yoshizawa E.
In recent years, some forms of interpersonal communication labeled “ijiri” have played a significant role among the youth. This paper investigates what type of affective experience ijiri is perceived to cause compared with similar behaviors like teasing and bullying. We recruited 312 university students and asked them to answer questions about the possible affective experiences that arise in either of the agents (actor or receiver) in response to each type of behavior. The rating was done from the standpoint of either the actor, receiver, or third party. Results revealed that compared with the other two types of behavior, ijiri was perceived to cause lesser negative affective experiences. Affective experiences entailed by each type of behavior were influenced by the role of the respondent and that of the appraisal target. Future research is warranted to investigate the generalizability of the findings, given the limitations of self-reported measurements and conceptualization of affects.
Rolefulness and hardiness during high school: A longitudinal cross-lagged panel analysis
Suzuki M., Kato D.
This study aimed to examine the potential associations between rolefulness and hardiness among high school students. We hypothesized that rolefulness would positively predict hardiness. The present study utilized data from assessments completed by 301 students (51％ girls) in three waves over three years. Cross-lagged panel analysis indicated a significant relationship between rolefulness and hardiness. Specifically, social rolefulness at Time 1 influenced control at Time 2, and control at Time 2 predicted challenge at Time 3. Control at Time 1 influenced rolefulness at Time 2, and rolefulness at Time 2 predicted hardiness at Time 3.
信頼を裏切られたときに生起する感情に関する日中比較
Lin P.
手指運動が社会不安感に与える影響について
Ishiduka Y., Morimoto Y.
高齢男性の「笑顔に見られない」顔は何が違うのか？
Koizumi S., Sawada A., Hashimoto K., Hara T.
オンラインの相互行為における感情規範
Liu M.
認知的感情制御とストレスの特性との関連
Chen X., Kawano K.
