Найдено 8
Ничего не найдено
U.S. Policy in Central Asia: Phases of Activity
Garbuzarova E.G.
,
The analysis of US policy in Central Asian countries through the prism of two phases of activity is presented. The fi rst surge of American geopolitical activity in Central Asia began with the US anti-terrorist campaign in Afghanistan that was launched in 2001. During that period the military and political positions of the United States in the region were significantly strengthened and the fi nancing of the political elites of the republics was increased. However, the acceleration of the processes of democratization and liberalization in the countries of the region negatively aff ected the character of relations between the United States and the ruling national elites. Russia’s return to the region as well as China’s growing economic infl uence minimized the degree of US involvement in regional processes. The decision of the American administration to withdraw the main contingent of troops from this country in 2014 undermined the authority of the United States and reduced their presence in the region. The second phase of activity began during the acute crisis of the entire system of international relations and the emerging contours of the new world order. The political and diplomatic activity of the United States in Central Asia noticeably intensifi ed, designed to slow down Russian and Chinese expansion and destroy the monopoly presence of Moscow and Beijing in the economy and military sphere of the countries of the region. It is proved that the United States began to pay more attention to the region with an emphasis on expanding the economic and military component of its foreign policy in Central Asia. Positioning itself as an alternative to cooperation with Russia and China Washington seeks to reduce the dependence of the countries of the region on Moscow and Beijing. It is concluded that the United States will continue to strive to strengthen its strategic positions in Central Asia, increase regional infl uence and displace its geopolitical rivals.
Review and Analysis of the Effectiveness of International Regulations and laws in the Field of Integrated Water Resources Management in Central Asia
Kulenbekov Z.E., Orunbaev S.Z., Asanov B.D., Sakhvaeva E.P.
An analysis of the effectiveness of the work of regulatory legal acts and laws of the Kyrgyz Republic on integrated water resources management was carried out in order to identify causal relationships of work / not work, as well as recommendations on the necessary measures for the effective work of regulatory legal acts (NLA) in this area were developed. Also, as part of the preparation of this work, successful cases were prepared on the work of the NLA and the laws of the Kyrgyz Republic and Central Asia, transboundary and basin water resources management. The work was structured as follows: collecting the necessary materials, studying, analyzing, making recommendations. To date, Kyrgyzstan has not implemented the provisions of the Water Code. The State Water Administration and its Basin Structures, Irrigation and Drainage Commissions, Dam Safety, etc. have not been created. Water resources management is still carried out on an administrative basis, not on a basin basis. The work used various literary sources, archival data, Internet resources, etc., links to which are given in the article.
The Role of the SCO in the Process of Neutralizing Regional Challenges and Threats
Garbuzarova E.G.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is considered to be one of the key mechanisms for maintaining stability and security in Eurasia. Over the years of its existence the SCO gained considerable political weight and authority on the world stage. There are extremely pessimistic scenarios for the development of events in Afghanistan with the withdrawal of the United States Armed Forces from Afghanistan and the coming Taliban to power in this country in 2021. There is a high probability of aggravation of regional challenges and threats in the face of terrorism, drug smuggling, illegal migration, humanitarian catastrophe. Being an important element of the Eurasian security architecture the SCO has a good potential to counter these threats. Over the years of the SCO’s existence a solid legislative framework was developed within the organization and coordination mechanisms was created to counter regional threats. The national interests and security of the SCO member states are directly related to the situation in Afghanistan. That is why the Afghan issue is always on the agenda of the organization. Despite the emerging differences between the SCO member states on the Afghan issue a common position was developed at the anniversary summit of the organization in September 2021 in Dushanbe. All SCO members supported the solution of the Afghan problem through political and diplomatic means and stressed the need to form an inclusive government. The decision to accept Iran as a full member of the SCO was a significant event for the organization. As a full participant Iran became an additional advantage for the organization in solving regional problems. The factor of Iran which has a significant impact on the development of Afghanistan may become one of the key factors in building relations with the new Afghan authorities. Thus the SCO has a significant integration potential in the field of security and should play a positive role in the Afghan problem.
Foreign Policy Tools for Water Management in Central Asia
Akmatalieva A.M.
This article is devoted to the issue of ineffective and irrational water management in Central Asia. Water management has gained transboundary character, states are divided by their upstream and downstream status and water is perceived as unlimited natural resource which requires new approaches. Author proposes foreign policy tools for water management as constant political dialogue, establishment of permanent body on water management and initiation of projects within China’s Belt and Road imitative, US’s Greater Central Asia and Russia’s Greater Eurasia platform. The vital importance of water as natural resource for life and human development is unquestionable and needs special attention in the context of the climate change and growing population of the Central Asian region. Asian Development Bank has provided three recommendations to Central Asian governments in facing climate change as expanding the supply of water available in the future; increasing the productivity of water; and reducing future demand for water. With predictions of the UN Population Prospects by 2050 Central Asia will have about 100 million inhabitants which undoubtedly will also increase the need for water resources. Taking into acount such factors as climate change and growing population the need for water resources will become only vital in the neearest future and demand for effective and rational water management must be already on the regional agenda.
Regulatory Initiatives of Central Asian Countries in Addressing Transboundary Water Issues
Garbuzarova E.G.
After the collapse of the USSR the Central Asian countries found themselves facing serious regional challenges that hinder constructive interstate cooperation. Among such challenges the problem of transboundary water resources should be highlighted. The lack of a coordinated policy for regulating water flows continues to put the Central Asian countries in a vulnerable position, negatively affecting their national security, socio-economic development and the environmental situation in the region. Throughout their sovereign development the countries of the region tried to solve transboundary water problems by combining external and internal mechanisms. However, a solution to the problem that would meet the national interests of all interested countries was not found.Recently the ruling elites of the Central Asian countries have intensified the process of solving the water problem showing political will. They put forward a number of initiatives. A big role in reviving this issue belongs to Uzbekistan which has opened a new milestone in the settlement of water and energy conflicts in the region. Uzbekistan demonstrates a desire to solve the water problem constructively at the regional level. In this regard the proposals of the President of Uzbekistan Sh.Mirziyoyev acquired great importance in solving the transboundary water problems of Central Asia. In 2018 Sh. Mirziyoyev put forward the initiative to adopt a Regional program for the rational use of water resources in Central Asia. Shortly before that he expressed a desire to participate in the implementation of joint hydropower projects with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Analyzing the current shifts in the water and energy issue we can talk about increasing trust between the countries of Central Asia and the beginning of the formation of a new regional interstate model of relations on the distribution of transboundary water resources.
Geopolitical Approaches to the Term Study of the “Central Asia”
Garbuzarova E.G.
Russia in Turkmenistan: the Policy of Strengthening Cooperation
Garbuzarova E.G.
The article analyzes the Russian-Turkmen relations, which at the present stage are characterized by special dynamism. Thanks to the return of Russian Gazprom to the energy market ofTurkmenistanin 2019, cooperation between the two countries has intensified. The leading role of the energy factor in the relations betweenRussiaandTurkmenistanis substantiated. The problems arising in cooperation between the two countries in the oil and gas sector have a negative impact on the overall background of bilateral relations. The article considers the external and internal challenges faced byRussiain the Turkmen direction.Russia’s focus on strengthening military-political cooperation withTurkmenistanis shown. Despite the fact that the interests ofRussiaandTurkmenistanoverlap, approaches to their implementation are markedly different.Turkmenistan’s foreign policy actions are entirely determined by its domestic political priorities.Turkmenistan, fearing excessive dependence onRussiaand relying on its neutral status, is in no hurry to establish closer ties withRussia, limiting itself exclusively to the gas sphere. It is concluded that the future of Russian-Turkmen relations will largely depend on the ability of the two countries to come to agreed decisions on the oil and gas issue.
Cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union and the Silk Road Economic Belt: Benefits, Risks, Achievements
Garbuzarova E.G.
The article is devoted to the advantages, risks and achievements of cooperation between the Russian integration project “Eurasian Economic Union” (EAEU) and the Chinese initiative “Silk Road Economic Belt” (SREB). The Eurasian space has a strategic importance for Russia and China, so the political leaders of these global powers decided to join together the EAEU and the SREB for the development, strengthening and expansion of cooperation in the field of economy. On the one hand, the interaction of the two integration projects opens wide opportunities for all participants: economic growth, technological modernization, creation of transport and logistics infrastructure. Russia and China share a common vision of the future foundations of the New World Order. In contrast to the Western model of the organization of international relations on the principle of unipolarity, Russia and China defend the model of a polycentric world order. On the other hand, there are problems that can cause competition between Russia and China. The problems of industrialization of the EAEU member-states, the possible competition between Russian and Chinese goods in the Eurasian market as well as in the field of industrial technology may appear. At the same time, it is important to understand that the interests of Russia and China largely coincide rather than diverge. The interests of both states are not only economic in nature but also related to Eurasian security issues. The first beneficial projects having been signed within the cooperation between EAEU and SREB aim at the development of transport infrastructure and financial assistance to the member-states. Considering the reverent attitude of the post-soviet states to national sovereignty the Chinese project looks the most attractive due to the absence of a supranational body. However, this fact does not exclude the possibility of getting the Central Asian states into excessive financial dependence on China. Meanwhile, the EAEU will help to balance China’s economic and political relations with the Central Asian states.In the context of globalization the cooperation between the EAEU and the SREB could be the first step towards the creation of major international economic structure. Cooperation between the Russian and Chinese projects has enormous potential for effective mutually beneficial development and opens wide opportunities for the participating states. The cooperation of the two projects will strengthen the geopolitical position of Russia and China in Eurasia as opposed to the geopolitical activity of the United States.
